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They are physically altered by thier stimulus in a manner that translates external energy into neural signal via altering ion flow.
1. Pacinian Corpuscle - physical vibration.
2. Cochlear Hair Cell - sound wave vibration.
3. Photoreceptor - light.
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input projects through the ventro-posterior nucleus
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somatosensory nucleus); [note -- this nucleus also relays gustatory (taste) info from the tongue.
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information projects through the medial geniculate nucleus
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| Inflammation projects through the lateral geniculate nucleus. |
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| Feedback pathways pass from proprioceptors to cerebellum and basal ganglia to the ventro-anterior nucleus. |
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Motor
side note: There is no olfactory (smell) input through the thalmus-probably because that system is older and primitive. |
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Outer- ear and ear drum
Middle - bones and air.
Inner - cochlea |
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| Can be reached by a Q tip. |
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| It is behind the ear-drum and connects to the sinus (thus can be infected) |
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| Parts of the Cochlea (inner ear) |
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Definition
oval Window
perilymph
basilar & tectorial membranes
organ of corti
hair cells (inner |
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| The opening from the middle ear to the inner ear. |
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| Enodolymph/Penlymph fluid |
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| Contains the principle structures, involved in the auditory transduction. |
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| Sits atop the organ of corti in the corchlear duct. |
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| Structure in the inner ear that lies on the basilar membrane of the cochlear and contains the hair cells and terminations of the auditory nerve. |
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| Receptor cell for hearing in the cochlea (Accuracy) |
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| Receptor cells for hearing the cochlea. (Intensity/Specificity) |
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Gaglian Cells
Together processes of the spiral ganglian cells form audiotry nerve. |
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Vibrations transfer accoustic signal to the bony structures which transfer vibrations to the oval window of the cochela. The role of the bony structures is to focus/intensity vibrations so they can be transmitted from the air (east to vibrate) to fluid (harder to vibrate). The perilymph fluid wave created inside the cochlea results in sound transduction. |
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| Transduction at the hair cell |
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Definition
| Hair cell stereocilia bend due to vibrations in the basilar membrane (vibrates with the penilymph) while the tectorial membrane stays still. |
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| Bending causes depolarization of the hair cell |
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Definition
| (Open K+ ion channels), then excitation causes associated spiral neuron fire. |
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the basilar membrane is organized so that the base vibrates preferentially to high frequencies, and the tip (apex) to low frequencies. The hair cells for each region thus have a preferred or characteristic frequency (CF), corresponding to their location (and so does their spiral neuron). This tonotopic pattern is evident elsewhere in the auditory system including MGN (medial geniculate nucleus of thalamus) and primary auditory cortex.
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| Contact just 1 inner hair cell. Type 1 spiral neurons have a tight "turning curve" that matches the preferred frequency of their hair cell. |
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| spiral neurons contact lots of hair cells. |
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tonotopy (see above; frequency bands in MGN and A1); phase- locking (multiple neurons firing in concert (volley-principle)).
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firing rate (increase intensity, increase firing); spatial spread (louder sounds activate a more distributed network of hair cells).
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| A small shaped structure i the inner ear that contains the primary receptor cells for hearing. |
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| Brainstem nuclei that recieves input from both the right and left cochlea nuclei and provide the first binaural analysis of auditory information. |
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| Paired grey matter structures of the dorsal midbrain that recieves auditory information. |
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| MGM (medial geniculate nucleus) |
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| Nuclei in the thalmus that recieves input from the inferior colliculi and send output. |
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