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| not numbered because they're different from male (XY) to female (XX) |
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| Homologous Chromosome Pair |
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| A pair of matching chromosomes in an organism, with one being inherited from each parent. Same length and centromere in same place |
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| How many homologous chromosome pairs are in a human skin cell? |
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| Location of gene on a chromosome |
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| Different versions of the same gene |
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| Heterozygous (heterozygote) |
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| Describing genes or something that a gene has |
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| Outcome from having a genotype; having two alleles |
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| The type of inheritance in which both heterozygotes and dominant homozygotes have the same phenotype. |
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Phenotype of heterozygote is a BLEND of the homozygotes
ex: red+white=pink |
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Phenotype of the heterozygote shows distinct, separate characteristic of the homozygotes
ex: Crossing red and white flowers will not get you pink, only red and white |
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| Relating to or denoting heritable characteristics controlled by genes that are expressed in offspring only when inherited from both parents |
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| A person or other organism that possesses a particular gene, esp. as a single copy whose effect is masked by a dominant allele, so that the associated characteristic (such as a hereditary disease) is not displayed but may be passed to offspring |
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| Autosomal vs. X-linked traits |
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| Gene is on X chromosome; only passed through sex chromosomes |
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People with PKU can't make tyrosine since they are missing the enzyme.
Results: lower IQ (<70).
Easily treated if caught early, change diet. Essential amino acid phenylaline |
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| Cystic fibrosis is a disease passed down through families that causes thick, sticky mucus to build up in the lungs, digestive tract, and other areas of the body. It is one of the most common chronic lung diseases in children and young adults. It is a life-threatening disorder. |
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| Red-green color blindness |
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| Color blind to the colors red and green, X-linked trait and more common in men. Recessive |
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| X-linked recessive. Missing Factor 8. Crisscross inheritance(dad->daughter, mom->son)HIV/AIDS community hard hit |
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| Dominant gene. Muscles not getting signals from brain |
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| Duchenne muscular dystrophy |
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Definition
Duchenne muscular dystrophy is a form of muscular dystrophy that worsens quickly. Other muscular dystrophies (including Becker's muscular dystrophy) get worse much more slowly.
Duchenne muscular dystrophy is caused by a defective gene for dystrophin (a protein in the muscles). However, it often occurs in people without a known family history of the condition.
Because of the way the disease is inherited, boys are affected, not girls. The sons of females who are carriers of the disease (women with a defective gene but no symptoms themselves) each have a 50% chance of having the disease. The daughters each have a 50% chance of being carriers.
X-linked recessive |
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Neither dominant or recessive
Fragile X syndrome is caused by a change in a gene called FMR1. A small part of the gene code is repeated on a fragile area of the X chromosome. The more repeats, the more likely there is to be a problem
The FMR1 gene makes a protein needed for your brain to grow properly. A defect in the gene makes your body produce too little of the protein, or none at all.
Boys and girls can both be affected, but because boys have only one X chromosome, a single fragile X is likely to affect them more severely. You can have fragile X syndrome even if your parents do not have it.
A family history of fragile X syndrome, developmental problems, or intellectual disability may not be present. |
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Marfan syndrome is caused by defects in a gene called fibrillin-1. Fibrillin-1 plays an important role as the building block for connective tissue in the body.
autosomal dominant |
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| In which individuals (male or female) are X-linked recessive traits more common? Why? |
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| Y-linked trait. Sex-determining Region of y-chromosome. Decides if fetus will be male |
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one trait is coded by many genes. Many genes add together to make 1 trait
ex: skin, hair, and eye color. Heights |
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| change in a population over time |
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| Charles Darwin's Theory of Natural Selection |
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1. Variation in population
2. Over-reproduction in populations
3. competition for resources
those who have a trait that puts them at an advantage and will have a better chance of passing on their genes to the next generation |
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| Lamarck's explanation for acquisition of traits |
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| Giraffes kept stretching and their necks got longer. lol dumbass. |
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| Sickle cell anemia (natural selection version) |
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Definition
BABA: normal
BSBS: sickle
BABS:carrier
Hemoglobin is affected |
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No nucleus. Prokaryotic. DNA is 1 circular chromosome. Only ribosomes (different from ours)
Antibiotics attack ribos.
Bacteria also has cell wall |
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Eukaryotic. Has nucelus and other structures. Harder to treat because fungi cells are more like human cells
ex: yeast infection, ringworm, athlete's foot |
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Unicellular eukaryotic. Harder to treat.
ex: Malaria |
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Just a protein
spongiform encephalopathies
kuru, scapie, mad cow disease |
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Package of genetic material. Packaged in proteins. No organelles.
Protein coat=capsid |
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| treats stomach ulcers, pneumonia, acne, |
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| Antibiotic Resistance due to Humans |
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1. Use antibiotics inappropriately
2. Don't finish prescriptions
3. Antibiotics in our food
4. Overuse of antibacterial products |
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| extremely drug-resistent tuberculosis |
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methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus
People in hospitals
Spreads with physical contact |
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infection from contaminated food.
Fecal-oral tract
Symptoms: fever, feeling ill, tummy ache, rash |
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| virus has entered the cell but it is dormant for X period of time |
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| exocytosis. Process of leaving cell |
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| Once virus is active and cell is a mass producing, the virus kills the cell because so many viruses are budding |
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| Caused by virus. Colds do not have fevers or aches |
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| Inflammation of the liver. Feel sick, pale poop. |
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| Bile digests food and is made in the liver but stored in the gall bladder |
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Infectious Agent: Virus
Transmission: fecal-oral route
Likely to be chronically infected: 0
No Specific treatment
There is a vaccine |
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Definition
Infectious Agent: virus
Transmission: sexually, casual contact
Chronic infection: 5-10%
Cirrhosis
There is a vaccine |
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Infectious Agent: virus
Transmission: blood, sexual, casual contact
Silent killer since there are no symptoms for a long time
Can transmit when not showing symptoms
75-80% chronic infection rate.
Cirrhosis
No vaccine, breakthroughs for treatment as of 2011 |
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