Term
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Definition
unintentional effect on others
you don't try to talk to other peole but somethinga bout you makes you easier to talk to |
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Term
| manipulation (and example) |
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Definition
intential effects on others
seek assurance from others if we're neurotic |
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Term
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Definition
plegmatic: not really energetic
sanguine: happy/outgoing
choleric: angry
melancholic: tired |
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Term
personality is:
**3 things |
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Definition
1) internal
psychological
biological
2)enduring
3)adaptation to environment |
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Term
personality traits are:
*** 6 things |
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Definition
1) broad socialemotional differences
2)bipolar
3)normally distributed
4) independant
5) relatively stable and internally based
6) thought of as a "cause" of behavior, not a summary |
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Term
| exroverts puruse stimulation because their ________ is not easily stimulated |
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Definition
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Term
| Id ego and superego are largely goverened by: |
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Definition
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Term
| psychodynamic approach to personality: |
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Definition
| personality is formed by needs, strivings, and desires largely operating outside of awareness |
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Term
repression causes:
(in the brain) |
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Definition
| decreased hippocampal activity |
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Term
| repression vs. suppression |
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Definition
repression=incoluntary push into subconscience
suppression=pre frontal cortex lets us suppress memories from recall |
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Term
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Definition
rationalization
reaction formation
projection
regression
deisplacement
identification
sublimation |
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Term
| id operates according to __________ principle |
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Definition
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Term
| ego operates according to the ________ principle |
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Definition
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Term
| id, ego and super ego with psychosexual stages |
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Definition
id: oral stage
super ego: phallic stage
ego: latency stage and genital stage |
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Term
| order of psychosexual stages |
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Definition
oral
phallic
latency
genital |
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Term
| self-concept is arranged a _____ and ____ memory |
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Definition
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Term
| best predictor if impulse aggression: |
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Definition
gender
men are more likely to be aggressive(testoterone) |
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Term
| ways to combat prejudice: |
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Definition
1) more experience and earlier
increase contact
work toward common goal
2)fight existing negative stereotypes
3) be aware of own prejudice and try to fight it (most difficult) |
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Term
| when people are excluded form a social grop the _______ and ________ become active. (has the same experience as physical pain) |
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Definition
| Anterior cingulate cortex (ACC); right ventral prefrontal cortex (RVPC) |
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Term
| systematic persuasion vs. heuristic persuuasion |
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Definition
systematic persuasion: a change in attitudes or beliefs that is brought about by appeals to reason
Heuristic persuasion: a change in attitudes or beliefs that is brought about by appeals to habit or emotion |
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Term
| situational attributions vs. diespositional attributions |
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Definition
situation attrbutions: when we decide that a person's behavio was caused by some temporary aspect of the situation in which is happened (he was lucky that the wind carried that ball into the stands)
dispositional attributions: when we decde that a person's behavior as caused by his or her relatively enduring tendency to think, feel, or act in a particuary way he's got a great eye and a powerful swing |
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Term
| "fundamental attribution error" |
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Definition
=correspondence bias: the tendency to make a dispositional attribution even when a person's behavior was caused by the situation
*** one of the most commonly observed mindbugs |
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Term
| a psychological disorder must be: |
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Definition
1)thoughts, feelings, and emoiotions that are PERSISTENT
2) harmful to the person experiencing them
3) uncontrollable |
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Term
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Definition
a person may be predisposed for a psycholigcal disorder that remains unexpressed until triggered by stress
diathesis is the internal predispositions and the stress is the external trigger |
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Term
| Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) |
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Definition
called generalized because the unrelenting worries are not focused on any particular threat; they are in fact, often exaggerated and irrational
Major diagnotic features: excessive worry with 3 or more of the following symptoms: restlessness, fatigue, concentration problems, irritability, muscle tensions, sleep distrubance
How common: 5% or North Americans
Gender Differences: f:m=2:1
(believed to be higher rates in women may be related to stress because women are more likely than men to live in poverty, experience discriminations, or be subjet to physical or sexual abuse
Biopsychosocial causes:
1)more prevalent among people with (a)low income (b) living in big cities (c) trapped in environments rendered unpreictably by political and economic strife
2)some patients respond to drugs that increase GABA (but know for sure that GAD is because of GABA)
3)unpredictable traumatic experiences in chldhood increase the risk of developing GAD
4)Major life changes |
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Term
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Definition
fear and avoidance of specific objects, activities, or situation. an indiviual with a phobi disorder recognized that the fear is irrational but cannot prevent it from interfering.
high rates of phobia suggest redisposition
Neurobiological factors may playa role:
serotonin and dopamine are more common in individuals with phobias
individuals with phobias sometimes show abnoramally high activity in amygdala |
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Term
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Definition
major diagnostic feature: an irrational fear of a particular object or situation that markedly interferes with an idividual's ability to funtions
subcateories: specific phobias fall into 1 of 5 categories--animals; natural environment; situations; blookd, injections and injuries; other pobias suc as illness or death
how common: 11% of people in the US
Gender differnces: f:m=4:1
biopsychosocial causes:
1)genetic predisposition (temperament, overactive amygdala)
2)preparedness theory: some fears more easily learned
3)increasing in younger generations |
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Term
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Definition
major diagnostic features: an irrational fear of being publicly humiliated or emarrassed
subcategories: public speaking, eating in public, using a public toilet
How common: 11% of men and 15% or women in the us
biopsychosocial causes:
1) can develop in chldhood but suually develops in early adolescence and age of 25
3)highest rates found among poeple who are undereducated, how low incomes or both |
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Term
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Definition
characterized by the sudden occurrence of multiple psychological and physiological symptoms that contribute to a feeling of stark terror.
Major diagnostic features: panic attack typically last only a few minutes and include shortness of breath, heart palpitations, sweating, dizziness, and a fear that one is going crazy or about to die
subcategories: agoraphobia=a specific phobia involving a fear of venturing into public places (40%+)
how common: 3.5%
gender differences: f:m=2:1
biopsychosocial causes:
1)modest hereditary component
2)psychological factors may also play a role: anxiety and sensitivity
3) important psych/cognitive aspects |
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Term
| obsesive-comulsive disorder |
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Definition
repetitive intrusive thoughts (obsessions) and ritualistic behaviors (compulsions) designed to fend off those thoughts interfer significantly with an individual's funcitioning
related disorders: ocd compulsions are performed to reduce ANXIETY
subcategories: contamination, aggression, death, sex, disease, orderliness and sifigurement
how common: 2.5% of people across cultures
Gender differences: women seem to be more suscetile than men however the differnce is very small
biopsychosocial causes:
1)moderate genetic heritability
2)biological: heightened neural activity in the caudate nucleus of basal ganglia and increased activitiy in the anterior cingulate
3)drugs that increase serotonin in the brain can inhibity the activity of the caudate nucleus and relieve some of the symptoms of ocd |
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Term
| mood disorders (definitions and 2 types) |
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Definition
| mental disorders that have mood distrubance as their predominant feature, there are two main types: depressive disorders and bipolar disorder |
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Term
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Definition
Major depression: severely depressed mood that lasts 2 or more weeks and is accompanied by feelings of worthlessness and lack of pleasure, lethergy, and sleep and appetite disturbances
Major diagnostic feature: sleep too much or sleep very litle, overeating or failing to eat, great sadness or depair is not always present, althought intrusive thoughts of failure or ending one's life are not always uncommon.
related disorder:
1)dysthymia: a related condition in which the same cognitive and bodily problems as in depression are resent, but theyare less severe and last longer--persisting for at least 2 years
2)seasonal affective disorder: depression that involves recurrent depressive episodes in a seasonal pattern
3)double depression: a moderately depressed mood that persists for at least 2 years and is punctuated by periods of major depression
how common: 16% and seems to be growing in the younger population
gender differences: f:m=2:1
biopsychosocial causes:
1) genetics: 33-45%
2) drugs that increase levels of norpinephrine and serotonin can sometimes reduce depression
3) diminished activity in the left prefrontal cortex and increased activity in the right prefrontal cortex
4)(psychological)helplessness theory: individuals who are prone to depression automatically attribute negative experiences to causes that are INTERNAL (their own fault), STABLE, (unlikely to change), and GLOBAL ( widespread)
5)(social)current stressors
6)(social)early life stress (HPA axis)
7)in women: postpartum depression and hormonal disruptions |
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Term
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Definition
an unstable emotional condition characterized by cycles of abnormal, persistent high mood (mania) and low mood(depression)
major diagnostic featurs: manic phase bust last at least a week and mood can be elevated, expansive or irritable. others include grandiosity, decreased need for sleep, talkativeness, racing thoughts, distractibility, and reckless behavior
related disorders: hallucinations and delusions may be present so the disorder can be misdiagnosed as schizophrenia
how common: 1.3%
gender differences: none
about 10% have rapid cycling bipolar disorder (more common in women)
biopsychosocial causes:
1)highest rate of heritability
2)a relative of someone with bipolar is more likely to suffer from unipolar depression
biochemical imbalances may be involved but none have been identified (maybe norepinephrine and serotonin but this doesn't explain with lithium is a stabilizer) |
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Term
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Definition
profound disruption of of basic psychological processes; a distorted perception of reality; altered or blunted emotions; and disturbaances in thought, motivations, and behavior
Major diagnostic features:
1)positive symptoms: delusions, hallucination, disorganized speech, disorganized/inappropriate behavior
2)negative symptoms: anhedonic (no pleasure), apathy (no motivation), poverty of speech
subcategories: paranoid, catatonic, dixorganixed, undifferentiated, residual
*Paranoid: preoccupation with delusions and hallucinations
*catatonic: immobility and stupor or agitatesa and purposeless motor activity
*disorganized: the most severe, featuring disorganized speech and behavior and flast or inappropriate emotion
how common: 1% (however, of all inpatients=40%)
gender differnce: none
biopsychosocial causes:
1)genetics play a role
-but twins also share an environment in the womb, afflicted twin usually was born second and had a lower birth weight
-late winter or early spring babies have 20% higher risk (viral exposure)
-maturnal influenza
2)biochemical factors: (have not been determined
-dopamine hypothesis: idea that schizophrenia involves an excess of dopamine activity
-may include a complex mixture of NTs
-mRI scans show brain tissue loss during "pruning" (specifically parietal at first and then spread throughout cortex)
3)environment:
-children raised in disturbed families were more likely to develop schiz (children born to mother sith schiz are more likely to get it because they are raised with distrubances<--this probes the diathesis stress model |
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Term
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Definition
disorders characterized by deeply ingrained, inflexible patern of thinking, feeling or relation to others or controlling impulses that cause distress of impaired functioning
(very controversial because of frequency and comorbidity with anxiety and depression)
how common: 15% of population |
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Term
| antisocial personality disorder |
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Definition
a pervasive pattern of disregard for and biolation of the rights of others that beigins in childhood or early adulthood.
major diagnostic features:
1)typically have a higstory of conduct disorder before the age of 15
2)problems such as aggression, destruction of property, rule violations, deceitfulness, lying or stealing
3)early fire setting and cruely to animals
4)in adulthood APD is given to individuals who show three or more of a set of 7 diagnostic signs: illegal behavior, deception, impulsivity, physcial aggression, recklessness, irresponsibility, lack of remorse)
how common: 3.6% or general population
gender differnces: m:f=3:1
biopsychosocial causes:
1)brain abnormalities:
-less activity in the amygdala and hippocampus (less emotion and less fear conditioning) |
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Term
| 3 personality disorder clusters: |
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Definition
1)anxious/inhibited ("internalizing")
2)odd/excentric ("detached, suspicious")
3) dramatic/erratic ("externalizing") |
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