Term
|
Definition
-12000-10000
-coexistence with mammals (larger tools)
-simple tools
-wet period
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-10,000-8,000
-Deer and Bear left from this era
-forests are the same as today: oak & fur
-River easiest way to travel
-Atl Atl (spear thrower): from Old War 45,000 years ago; able to get animals from great distance
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-8,000-5,000
-drier climate
-still very mobile, but less then previously; try to get food
-emphasis on River Vallys
-increased reliance on eating animals
-temporary shelter |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-5,000-3,000
-more settled, beginning permanent settlements
-cultivation begins
-guards to carry things in
-squash begins to grow
-pottery being made
-societies are larger
-plants: reliance on |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-3,000-1,000
- increasing complexity
- increasing settlements; still live in small societies
-plants ppl eat (nowaday weeds)
-first evidence of corn
-more cooking aka more pottery
-handles are now added to tools; axes
-Bows and Arrows |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-900-1540 AD
- a lot of Georgians in this stage when spanish arrived
-complex culture
-social stratification: ppl seen higher
-lots of Indian mounds
- cultivation of large fields
-lots of corn
-pottery decoration
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1540 AD- Present
-began with the Spanish coming to the New World and colonizing it
-spanish ppl removed Cherokee Indians from land and other tribes as well |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-minimum for survival
-food, water, shelter |
|
|
Term
| Adaptive Strategies/livelihoods |
|
Definition
Foraging
-Usually Egalitarian Society
-more equal
- less social stratifications
-Horticultre
-relates to raising and tending plants
- small scale agriculture
-slash and burn
- hand labor
- Agriculture
-Permanent Plots
-Relies on Machinery
- Pastoralism
- tend to animals/ livestock herders |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Intensification
-Irrigation
-Draft Animals, plows
-Larger, more permanent plots
-fertilizer |
|
|
Term
| Early Evidence of Plant Domestication |
|
Definition
-nonshattering seed heads
-increased size of edible part
-bitter and poisonous chemical bred out
- less stony and sour
-loss of protective husks
-simultaneous ripening of seed
-tough stem in cereals |
|
|
Term
| Evidence of Early Animal Domestication |
|
Definition
- Structure change
- teeth and horns smaller (defenses)
-Sex Ratios
-Newborn mortality rates: sky rocket because sanitization can make it worse
-Dogs are first to be domesticated |
|
|
Term
| Obstacles of Domestication of wild mammal species |
|
Definition
-diet not easily supplied by humans
-slow growth rate, long birth spacing
-nasty disposition
-reluctance to breed in captivity
-lack of follow-the-leader hierarchy
- tendency to panic in enclosure
|
|
|
Term
| Factors in Transition to Agriculture |
|
Definition
- Domestic able species
-Climatic Change
-Population pressure/density
-social organization
|
|
|
Term
| Factors in Transition of Agriculture |
|
Definition
-Domestic able Species
-Climatic Change
-Population Pressure/Density
-Social Organization
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- early anthropological: Child in 1936 in book called Man Makes himself
-End of Pliococene (last of ice age), Glaciers retreated north and rain retreated north and that is why Africa is dry
-Grass became domesticated
-animals congregated at watering holes and ppl killed them
-Determined by climate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Archaeological data
- Not lowland oasis
- Habitat of wil ancestors of wheat and barley and legumes and sheep and goats upland regions
- Settlement led to knowledge and experiment, technology
-Problems:
-Hunters/gathers don't know anything about plants
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Flannery: 'Broad spectrum revolution'
-Population increase stress on resources
-Migrate from optimal zone to margins
-Reproduce cereal stands
- Casual Variable: Coercion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-mesolithic culture of Israel, Lebanon, and Western Syria b/w 12500-10200
-caves, rock shelters, and small villages
-burried dead in cemeteries
-plastered storage pits: forceral
- domestication occurred without intention
- Chert Sickle Blade
-These were the blades that didn't shatter
-NOT NOT NOT (domestication)
-not an epiphany
-not free ppl from work
- not more secure means of subsistence
Results
-population explosion
-social stratification
-ceramics
-zoonotic disease
-deforestation
-economic specialization
-sedentary villages
-More Labor Commitment
-Displace hunter-gathers
Changes in Health
-Enamel Hypoplasias: caused by stress
-Harris Line:
-long bones grow until they fuse
-decrease in the archeological lines: bones will lay down mineral and start growing again
-people quit recovering from stress, so theyd died
-Nutritional Stress:
-staple crops deficient in most nutrients, not calories.
- life-threatening during infancy and childhood
-periodic famine
-infectious disease from population density:TB
Body Size:
-not automatic marker of domesticated status
- enviornemnt: heat and aridity, smaller
-culling strategies: hunter v herder
-morphological changes appear 1000 years later then demographical shift
Variability:
-rate of expansion: Goats faster then sheep faster then pigs
-genetically distinugishable domestic lineages
-pigs southeaster anatolia, cattle upper Euphrates Valley
Earliest date for milk use in Near East
-pushed back many years at least 1000
-from cows |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Benefits of Membership:
-Food: labor, consumption, distribution
-bringing new neighbor pie
-Power: Deference, allegiancs
-Ritual: involvement, roles, rites of passage
-graduating ceremonies
-religious things
-god fathers
-Marriages: Partners, residence
-can't marry anyone with the same last name you have in culture
-Inheritance: Wealth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Family of Orientation: one you grew up with
Family of Procreation: the family you create
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(common apical, at the apex, ancestor)
-Lineage: Demonstrational (can recite names of ancestors in each generation)
-Clans: Stipulated (cannot recite names)
Who is Included?
-uni-lineal: decent uses only one lineage (male or female)
-matrilinal: mother decent
Patrilineal: father decent
Ambilineal: children decide if they want to be in moth or fathers decent group (33%)
ex) The nuer (sudan, ehtiopia)
-economy: pastoralism
-key resources: cattle
- clans: patrilineal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-M:mother
-F: father
-Z:sister
-B:Brother
-S:SOn
-D: Daughter
-H: Husband
-W:wife
-Females-Circles
-Males-Traingle
-=-marriage
-Square-child
-line decent |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Direct descendants and ancestors
o Example: Same term for Father’s Brother and Mother’s Brother, (aunt and uncle)
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
· Bifurcate merging: different terms for mother’s and father’s sides AND merges the terms for the siblings of the same sex of each parents
o Example: same term for mother and mother’s sister, and father and father’s brother
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Generation: Same terms for parents and their siblings regardless of whether mother’s or father’s
o Example: same terms for Father, Father’s Male sibling, and Mother’s Male siblings; same term for mother, mothers female siblings, and father’s female siblings
|
|
|
Term
Other Types of Kinship, negotiating kinship·
|
|
Definition
Ecuador Highlands
· Children adopted
· Terminology does not distinguish birth mother from caregiver mother
· Group: Dobe Ju/’hoansi San
o Everyone is kin
o Joking kin
o Avoidance kin
o Namesake: close to people that are named after you
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Thought to be about an incest relationship
· But, it was about old enemies being brought back into a village where they weren’t welcome by some
· Some of their old kinship asked them to return to the village
· A woman refused to give the unwanted plantains and fights broke out
· The fight broke out between two old kinships and turned violent rapidly
· There are three lineages living in two villages
· Agnence = kin
· Fierce/selection: advantage to being fierce over time.
· Napoleon Chagnon:
o He brings in weapons (tools), and people think that he caused the start of this problem. Was controversial, and thought to be staged. Use the non-sharp part of the ax as a weapon. Violence theory was developed, but people think Chagnon was the cause of the violence to begin with. Weapons were new in the video, and the shots seemed to be staged at times.
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
o marriage partner must come from a particular group, usually your ethnic group. (is the practice of marrying within a social group, rejecting others based solely on culture as being unsuitable for marriage or other close personal relationships) (More like inbreeding from clan or lineage…)
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| marriage partner must be from outside the group (More like outbreeding from clan or lineage…) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
marrying within the same social class: kind of expected, but we just tend to hang out with people in our same social class
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
You can’t marry your father’s brother’s child (parallel cousin), but you can marry your father’s mother’s child (cross cousin). Cross: allowed, Parallel: Taboo
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
entire family estate was given to oldest son, and the other son’s left and joined military, or clergy, etc.
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
o move in with husband and/or family
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| move in with the wife’s family |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
o couple can choose to live with husband/wife or change half-way through.
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| newly married couple establishes their own new house (only 5% of the people around the world do this) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- belief and ritual concerned with supernatural beings, powers, and forces
o Helps to understand Death
o Public and practiced as a group
o Cooperative and is for the good
o Often think or a church, temple in USA. Think of institutionalized places.
o Tend to think of religion as a social organization
|
|
|
Term
| Religion as a Social Organization |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
· supernatural techniques intended to accomplish specific aims
o Personal, rather than in groups.
o Example: putting herbs on the ground to make someone fall in love with you.
o Antisocial, morally dubious (mainly witchcraft)
o Magic is hard to explain.
o Two types of magic:
§ Imitative Magic: you imitate something with magic and it happens
§ Contagious Magic: whatever is done to an object happens to the person that came in contact with it
· Fingernails, Hair, Various personal objects
o Magic can be positive or negative
o Witchcraft: magic for selfish gain (the negative)
o Sorcery: magical objects (charms, potions, medicines) for selfish gain
o Witchdoctor (unwitcher): uses their power to undo spells
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
o Misfortune: witchcraft, sometimes sorcery
o In principle: caused by “witchcraft essence”
§ Has a will of its own, causing people to do things that they don’t remember
o In Practice: usually unconscious
o Step 1: misfortune occurs
o Step 2: Divination
§ Rubbing board: rub a board against something and it foams = witchcraft
§ Termite oracle: stick a weed in a termite mound, when you return in an hour, if it has been eaten, then there was witch craft.
o Step 3: accusation (often stops here)
§ Shameful to be accused, so the witch may pay you a visit or send you gifts as an apology
o Step 4: poison oracle
§ Only happens if it is really bad. Feed poison to a chick, if it dies, then there is witchcraft that was involved.
o Step 5: Repentance
§ Accused has to repent and must apologize.
o Everyone is a potential witch
o Costs and benefits to being a witch
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
o Witchcraft used to explain something, or how that something works
o Witchcraft uses the concept of Limited Good: there is only so much good in the world.
o Used to control jealousy
o Social Control
|
|
|
Term
· Power and Sociopolitical Systems
|
|
Definition
o Power: ability to exercise one’s will over others
o Authority: socially approved use of power based on status
o Sociopolitical organization: regulation or management of relations among groups and their representatives
o Progress vs. non-progressive change
o Cultural change is NOT progressive
§ Be wary of: “primitive/advanced” “still”
§ No such thing as “Uncontacted”
|
|
|
Term
· Classification of sociopolitical systems
|
|
Definition
o Elman Service (1962) sociopolitical typology
§ Band
§ Tribe
§ Chiefdom
§ State
o Currently, everyone in the world lives within a nation-state and is subject to its control
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
o Usually a kin based group
o No formalized leaders
§ Leaders are usually temporary and they cannot enforce
o Egalitarian (achieved status)—everyone considered equal—
o Usually mobile, low population density
o Roughly correlated with foraging
§ San
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
o Roughly correlated with horticulture or pastoral economy
o Little social stratification
o Leadership: Achieved status
§ Big men, can regulate some disputes
o Semi-sedentary, high population density than bands
§ Yanomamo (Venezuela)
o Sometimes have pantribal sodalities
§ Things that spread all the way across the village
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
o A lot of colonizers created chiefdoms among a lot of groups. Something to do with marrying and political powers
o Chiefs: inherited title, royal clans (ascribed: you can’t achieve a royal clan)
o Political regulation
o Tribute
o Roughly correlated with intensive horticulture, agriculture, pastoralism
§ Natchez, 18th Century Louisiana
§ Samoan chief, Polynesia
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
o Complex social stratification
o Reduced importance of kinship: more complex, which is what states have
o Social Stratification (differential access to resources)
§ Economic status: wealth
§ Political status: power
§ Social Status: prestige
§ Different rights and obligations that differ with the social strata. For an example, slaves, or soldiers vs. ordinary citizens.
o Taxation
o Institutionalized law and government: regulate things between groups and individuals
§ Courts
§ Enforcements for judicial decisions
§ Guarding against external threats
§ Can interact with family matters
o Rough correlates with agriculture and industrialism
§ Folks moving from rural areas to urban areas
§ Severs ties with your relatives
§ Development of states easier because there is less kin relation
|
|
|
Term
| Power is Maintained in bands, tribes, chiefdoms, states, and nations |
|
Definition
o Theocracy: supernatural authority (God or gods)
o Wealth: Clothing, residence (still things we see to this day), ritual, items (Like missiles nowadays)
o Elite propaganda through control of symbols, or iconography
o Monumental labor projects: large buildings, temples, or now like the stimulus projects
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
o Phase 1: 1492 to around 1825-1830
§ Precapitalism essentially
§ Goal: enrich royalty/expand state
§ Dominant powers: Portugal, Spain, Holland
§ Portugal/Holland are often forgotten from our studies of US history mainly focusing on Spain and England
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
o Phase 2: 1825/1830 to 1960s
§ Goal: obtain land, resources, labor, consumers(capitalist)
§ Dominant powers: England, France, Germany
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
§ Minority of colonies
§ In environments most like Europe: Eastern North America, Argentina, South Africa, African highlands, Australia
§ Places for excess population: British shipping criminals off, the American’s religious extremists
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
§ Majority of colonies
§ Natural resources
§ Agricultural commodities: tobaccos, bananas
|
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Ideology of Colonialism: discourse used to justify colonial power
o Progressual social evolution (EB Tylor) (Savagery – Barbarism – Civilization)
o Modernization (technology = progress)
o Race (assumed – and erroneous! – racial superiority)
o “White Man’s Burden”
o “Mission civilisatrice”
|
|
|
Term
| How did colonial power control people/ maintain power? |
|
Definition
o Military Power:
o Forced conscription/military service
o Slavery
o Gunboat democracy: you might have a democracy, but you will be sure you know who the people are in office and will control them
o Economic Power:
o “Carrot” (consumer goods): provide people essential goods. People will want to have a relationship with you and they will keep that relationship in hopes of continuing to get the goods.
o “Stick” (hut tax, head tax): taxes on households: hut tax,; tax per individual: head tax
o Dual Economy: can foster two economies in one countries
o Fees (with bureaucracy):
§ automobile tags
§ social security number
§ censuses
§ ID cards
§ Birth certificates
o Ideological Power:
o Education
o Missionization
o Teaching colonial ideology with scientific authority
o Demonstration of colonial ideology: ex. only speak native language until they get to school
o Indirect Rule
|
|
|
Term
Balance sheet for colonialism (Rodney)
|
|
Definition
o Healthcare:
o Mozambique: 500 year Portuguese rule, no African Doctors
o Nigeria: 1930: 4000 Euros have 12 hospitals, 40000000 Africans have 52 hospitals
o Banking
o “Credit to Natives Restriction Ordinance” in British East Africa
o Capital, wealth
o Resources are depleted, Europeans enriched
o No African bourgeoisie until independence; (colonial bourgeoisie imported Europeans); African labor unskilled
Lloyds, Barclay’s, Worms et Compangnie, Unilever based on slave labor profits |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1900-1960s: too expensive, independent |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
· Development
o Ones that promote long term benefits to people
o Intervention philosophy
§ Ideological idea for guiding native people’s actions
o Take for granted that we can/should get involved in other people’s cultures.
o Economic development
§ We take for granted what is good in the economic system.
§ “Industrialization” often equates to “westernization”
· Identity
o We change how people are identified because we impose names on people.
o It can do things like create entire countries: Africa is divided by linguistics.
o Colonialism invented countries and social groups
§ Example: West Africa
§ “Tribes”
· Postcolonial Studies
o Study the effects that historical, economic, etc. of colonialism
· Neoliberalism: Government should not regulate economy, that is, that economy should run on a free market and free trade.
o Dominant intervention philosophy today
o Neoliberalism entails:
§ Tariff and barrier free international trade
§ Maximization of profits
o For loans, governments must accept neoliberal principles
Neocolonialism: Continued indirect domination of poor countries by wealthy ones. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
· Global policy organizations
· Foreign Governments
· Corporations
· Non-Governmental Organizations (aid, development, conservation)
· Missionaries, journalists, researchers
· (All tend to lead towards third world countries: telling them what to do….leading towards letting people determine what they want to think)
· Example:
o Aladdin: only villains tend to have middle-eastern accent
o Anthropologists working for the US military: trying to take care of terrorist acts.
|
|
|
Term
Neocolonialism vs. Globalization
|
|
Definition
· Neocolonialism: continued indirect domination of poor countries by wealthy ones
· Globalization: increased mobility of goods, services, labor, technology, and capital throughout the world (at a rapid pace)
o We are also spreading the high consumption of goods to other countries, which isn’t something that we want to do.
|
|
|
