Term
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Definition
| Forgetting- reduced memory over time, like forgetting the plot of a movie |
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Term
| What proactive and retroactive interference? |
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Definition
| Proactive: Old information inhibits formation of new information Retroactive: new information inhibits old information |
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Term
| What is blocking? How is tip of the tongue an example of blocking? |
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Definition
| Forgetting- inability to remember needed information failing to recall the name of a person you meet on the street |
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Term
| What is absentmindedness, and why isn’t it really a form of forgetting per se? |
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Definition
| not forgetting, when the memory wasn't encoded in the first place- Memory isn't encoded very well in the first place, so it isn't really forgetting |
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Term
| What role does attention play in absentmindedness? |
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Definition
| Role of attention- the more you pay attention, the deeper you encode |
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Term
| What is retrograde amnesia? |
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Definition
| Memory loss for events before trauma or time of awareness |
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Term
| What is anterograde amnesia? |
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Definition
| Memory loss for events after trauma or time of awareness |
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Term
| What is a flashbulb memory? |
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Definition
| Vivid memories for the circumstances in which one first learned of a surprising, consequential, and emotionally arousing event |
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Term
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Definition
| Brain degeneration, neuronal loss, and neurotransmitter lossSymptoms: forgetfulness, poor judgment, confusion, and disorientationAbnormal amounts of plaques and tangles in their brain |
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Term
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Definition
| Plaques: clumps of protein fragments that build up on theoutside of neurons severely damages functioningTangles: fibers that get twisted and wound together within neurons |
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Term
| What is a source misattribution? |
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Definition
| Memory distortion that occurs when people misremember the time, place, person, or circumstances involved with a memory. False fame effect- when they think someone is famous just because they have encountered the name before. Cryptomnesia- when a person think they came up with a new idea but it’s actually an old idea. |
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Term
| What does it mean that memory is fallible to suggestibility? What role do leading questions have in shaping memories? |
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Definition
| The development of biased memories when people are provided with misleading information (using different words to describe a car accident changes people’s perception of how bad it was) |
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Term
| What is the cross-race effect with respect to eyewitness identifications? |
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Definition
| People are particularly bad at accurately identifying individuals of other ethnicities or races. Easier with same-race faces. |
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Term
| What is the weapon focus effect? |
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Definition
| occurs when crime witnesses focus on a weapon, impairing their memory of the perpetrators face |
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Term
| What is the relationship between eyewitness confidence and their accuracy? |
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Definition
| Eyewitnesses who are wrong are just as confident, often more confident, than eyewitnesses who are right. Those who report vivid details of all the scene’s aspects are probably less credible than those with poor memories for trivial details. |
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Term
| What role do schemas play in memory distortion? |
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Definition
| Schemas: mental structures of our worlds. Can lead to biased encoding especially in culture influence. |
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Term
| What is confabulation? Is there any evidence suggesting it occurs? |
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Definition
| The false recollection of episodic memory. H.W. |
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Term
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Definition
| Teratogen (tara-togen) agents that can harm the embryo or fetus Environmental agents that can harm the embryo/fetusBacteria, viruses, and general chemicals from the mothers stomach-Most common is alcohol |
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Term
| What is fetal alcohol syndrome? |
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Definition
| FAS- Fetal Alcohol SyndromeEffects: brains are smaller, much less tissue mass, ventricles are largerResults: temper tantrums, can't have regular emotions, act out, self regulation deficitsPhysically smallerLow IQLearning disabilitiesMemory problemsImpulse controlSelf-regulationFace effectsEpicanthal foldsFlat nasal bridgeSmall palpebral fissures (eye)'railroad track' earsUpturned noseSmooth philtrum (lip dip)Thin upper lip |
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Term
| What is the rooting reflex? |
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Definition
| Rooting reflex this is an automatic response- mothers nipple-Turning and sucking on objects near mouth |
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Term
| What is the grasping reflex? |
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Definition
| Grasping very tightly babies who are able to grasp on to their mothers and able to suckle well are more likely to develop better |
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Term
| What is synaptic pruning? When does Myelination occur? |
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Definition
| Synaptic pruning- a process whereby the synaptic connections in the brain that are frequently used are preserved, and those that are not are lost. Myelination occurs as the infants brain ages |
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Term
| What are critical periods? |
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Definition
| Biologically determined time periods for the development of specific skills |
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Term
| What are sensitive periods? |
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Definition
| Biologically determined time periods when specific skills develop most easily |
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Term
| What is the difference between critical and sensitive periods? |
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Definition
| Very young children find it easier to learn different languages (critical) and it gets harder as we grow (sensitive) |
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Term
| What does the preferential-looking technique reveal? |
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Definition
| Researchers show an infant two things. If the infant looks longer at one of the things, the researchers know the infant can distinguish between the two finds one more interesting. |
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Term
| What is the orienting reflex? |
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Definition
| Humans’ tendency to pay more attention to new stimuli than to stimuli to which they have become habituated, or grown accustomed. (infants look away more quickly from something familiar than something unfamiliar) |
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Term
| What did Carolyn Rovee-Collier reveal about infants and memory? What technique did she use? |
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Definition
| Attaching a mobile to a childs foot.Readily learned connections between events (shaking mobile) and own actions (kicking)Recall this connection laterRemember events as sequences of actions with beginnings, ends |
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Term
| What is the effect of poverty and impoverished environments on cognitive/neural development? |
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Definition
| Plasticity, Enrichment (environment) DeprivationMore myelination forms if a baby doesn't continues using a neural connection, it will die offPlasticity: use it or lose it!Deprivation retards development Poor nutrition-Little stimulation Romanian orphans- some where cross eyed, they were generally smaller, suffered with respect to IQ, had significant social and emotional delaysEnriched environments are good for development playing with them, objects, play, color |
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Term
| Describe the following stages of development, according to Jean Piaget: Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete operational, formal operational. |
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Definition
| Sensorimotor (birth to 2 yrs) the first stage in Piaget's theory of cognitive development, during which infants acquire information about the world through their senses and responds reflexively.Sensation and reflexesObject permanence: 9 mos the understanding that an object continues to exist even when it cannot be seenOne an object is gone, it ceases to existPreoperational (2-7 yrs) the second stage in Piaget's theory of cognitive development, during which children think symbolically about objects, but reason is based on appearance rather than logic.Language, symbolic thinkingDo not understand fluid conservationHow there' s more water when they get in the bath tub, more waterin a skinny glass than fat glassEgocentric-has difficulty taking viewpoint of others Concrete operational (7-12 yrs) the third stage in Piaget's theory of cognitive development, during which children begin to think bout and understand operations in ways that are reversibleLogicConservation-number (7) mass (7) and weight (9)Not yet hypothetical can't engage them in hypothetical reasoning aka algebraFormal Operational (12 yrs +) the final stage in Piaget's theory of cognitive development; it involves the ability to think abstractly and to formulate and test hypotheses though deductive logic.Logical, abstract, hypothetical, future and ideological problemsCritiquesDoes every person go though the states in that order? Maybe the development of cognition is more variableChanging his tasks gives difference results. Maybe those aren't valid tests?Row of marbles- choose longer just because of length even though same M&M's- eat one row--> they DO understand there are more m&m's in the shorter row |
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Term
| What do we know about language development? What are the stages of language development? |
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Definition
| Language DevelopmentLanguage appears to be uniquely humanSymbolicWords/sounds represent objects, actions, events, and ideasMeaningful language means somethingStructured: there are clear rules for how you'resupposed to arrange words into sentencesRules for how to arrange sentences and phrasesGenerative: combine limited number of sentences in different combinations that are almost infiniteLimited numbers of symbols can be combined in an almost infinite number of waysStagesBabbling (infants)One-word (one year)Two-words (18 months)Near adult competence (3 years)telegraphic speech- the tendency for children to speak using rudimentary sentences that are missing words and grammatical markings but follow a logical syntaxWe come equipped with the capacity to learn languageCaretakers don't teach languageChildren create own languages |
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Term
| What does Chomsky argue about language development and acquisition? |
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Definition
| We come equipped with the capacity to learn any languageLanguage acquisition device (Noam Chomsky) at birth we seem to be able to learn any languageExperience fine tunes shapes ability to distinguish between languageCritical/sensitive periods very young children find it easier to learn different languages (critical) and it gets harder as we grow (sensitive)biologically determined time periods for the development of specific skills/biologically determined time periods when specific skills develop most easily |
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Term
| What did Harlow establish with the wire monkey and cloth monkey? |
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Definition
| Infant monkeys will prefer and form an attachment to a surrogate mother thatn provides warmth and comfort over a wire surrogate mother that provides milk |
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Term
| Describe attachment theory. What are the styles of attachment? What types of behaviors does the child exhibit in each attachment style? What are the variables involved in forming an attachment style? How is an attachment style assessed in children? |
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Definition
| Attachment Theory a strong emotional connection that persists over time and across circumstancesJohn Bowlby and Mary AinsworthDifferent attachment styles developed very early in life affect social and emotional development.Dearly experiences create an internal working model of the world and social relationships.Caregivers provide reinforcement other than food.Harlow videoSecure attachment- attachment style for a majority of infants, who are readily comforted when their caregiver returns after a brief separation65% of childrenPrimary caregiver is a significant, consistent source of comfortA secure base from which to safely explore secure attachment to primary caregiverInternal working model: I am safe, I am worthy, others are trustworthy and reliableFreely play and explore in presence of caregiverShow toy- emotional sharingWary when caregiver leavesDistraught when caregiver leavesHappy when sees caregiverSeeks and is consoled by caregiverAvoidant attachment aka avoidant ambivalent- attachment style in which infants ignore their caregiver when he or she returns after a brief separation20-25% of childrenPrimary caregiver is not a significant source of comfort no different than a strangerChild avoids primary caregiverInternal working model: I am emotionally distant, I am skeptical, others are unreliable, I am uncomfortable being closeFreely play and explore in presence of caregiverNo emotion when caregiver leaves and returns don't seem to careAvoids caregiverAnxious/Ambivalent attachment (insecure)- attachment style in which infants become extremely upset when their caregiver leaves but reject the caregiver when he or she returns10-15% of childrenPrimary caregiver is inconsistent and unpredictable source of comfortChild seeks primary caregiver, but primary caregiver can make the child anxiousInternal working model: I am misunderstood, not confident, others aren't as reliable and loving as I would like them to beAnxious at play, wary of new situationsExtreme distress when caregiver leavesDistress when caregiver returns, not solacedResists/avoids caregiverDisorganized attachment- attachment style in which infants give mixed responses when their caregiver leaves and then returns from a short absence |
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Term
| What are the stages of Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development? |
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Definition
| Kohlberg’s Theory of Moral Development: Piaget- tested moral reasoning skills by asking people to respond to hypothetical situations in which a main character was faced with a moral dilemma.Moral reasoning develops over time3 StagesPreconventional: self centered reasoning, based on reward and punishmentearliest level of moral development, in which self-interest determines what is normal.Preoperational StageConventional: based on socially sanctioned rules, maintaing laws and ordermiddle stage of moral development, in which rules and the approval of others determines what is moralCondition OperationalPost Conventional: based on higher order principles like justice and what is best for societyhighest stage of moral development, in which decisions about morality depend on abstract principlesFormal operationalArgued most don’t make this levelKohlberg said moral reasoning is cognitive |
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Term
| What is the difference between sex and gender? |
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Definition
| Sex= biologically born withGender= what you associate with, self identityGender has expectancies and culturally defined social rolesSignificant biological and social bases for gender identityGender expectancies and culturallydefined socialBrian and Bruce Reimer |
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Term
| What role do emotions seem to play in moral reasoning? |
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Definition
| Empathetic emotions: how you would feel WITH the other personArises from understanding another's emotional state and feeling what the other person is feeling or would be expected to feel in the given situation.PerspectiveSympathetic emotions: how you would feel FOR the other personArises from feelings of concern, pity, or sorrow for another.Somatic-marker hypothesis: people have a visceral response to real or imagined outcomes and that this response aids decision makingsocial intuitionalist model- We see a situation and rationalize why we feel the way we do to get moral inputJonathan Haidt studyIV: hypnotize or notDV: ratings/perceptions of morality of target |
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Term
| What evidence is there that society affects gender identity and behavior? |
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Definition
| Gender Roles- the characteristic associated with males and females because of cultural influence or learningGender Schemas- cognitive structures that influence how people perceive the behaviors of females and malesGender Identity personal beliefs about whether one is male or female |
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Term
| What evidence is there that biology affects gender identity and behavior? |
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Definition
| Gender has expectancies and culturally defined social rolesSignificant biological and social bases for gender identityGender expectancies and culturally defined socialBrian and Bruce Reimer |
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Term
| How do people develop a racial identity? |
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Definition
| During middle childhood and adolescence, children in ethnic minority groups often engage in additional processes aimed at ethnic identity formation. |
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Term
| How do career choices affect adults’ well-being? Marriage? Having children? |
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Definition
| Good job- provides material rewards and brings a sense of accomplishment and purpose. Feels that you contribute to society and other people recognize you for doing so. Brings meaning ot your life and helps you grow as a person and become better able to fulfill your life’s goals.Marriage-numerous theories account for married people’s longevity, as they help each other deal with stress or assist each other in meeting life’s demands. They also influence partners’ healthful behavior by encouraging them to eat properly, to get exercise, etv. |
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Term
| How do adults cognitively change as they age? |
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Definition
| Memory- older people have difficulty with memory tasks that require the ability to juggle multiple pieces of information at the same time.Intelligence- declines with age. Fluid intelligence (ability to process new info with no prior knowledge) declines with age. Crystallized intelligence (learned or memorized) increases throughout life and breaks down only when declines in other cognitive abilities prevent new information from being processed. |
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Term
| Ericksons Stages of Identity |
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Definition
| Infancy: children learn the world is safe, and that adults are loving and reliableToddler: children are encouraged to explore, they gain feelings of independence and positive self esteemPreschool: children develop a sense of purpose by taking on responsibilities, but also feel guilty about mistakesChildhood: by working successfully with others, children learn to feel competentAdolescence: by exploring different social roles, adolescents develop self-identityYoung Adulthood: young adults gain the ability to commit to long term relationshipsMiddle Adulthood: adults gain a sense that they are contributing to the future and caring for future generationsOld Age: older adults feel a sense of satisfaction that they have lived a good life and have wisdom |
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Term
| What role do children’s peer have on their identity and personalities? |
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Definition
| According to Harris, a child’s peers are the most important influence when it comes to socialization. |
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Term
| What role do parents play on children’s identity and personalities? |
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Definition
| According to Harris, parents have no important long term effects on the development of their child’s personality. However, much research has confirmed that parents have substantial influence throughout an individual’s life. Thus parents and peers seem to be important in children’s development |
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Term
| What were Chess and Thomas (1984) exploring in the New York Longitudinal Study? What did they find? |
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Definition
| They were exploring the significance of child/parent interaction. They found that the fit between the child’s temperament and the parents’ behaviors is most important in determining social development. For instance, most parents find it frustrating to raise a difficult child, who will tend to have negative moods and a hard time adapting to new situations. Parents who openly demonstrate their frustration with their child’s behavior or insist on exposing the child to conflict often unwittingly encourage negative behaviors. |
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Term
| What are analogical representations? |
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Definition
| a mental representation that has some of the physical characteristics of an object; it is analogous to the object, has some characteristics of actual objects. Literal things like maps corresponding with geographical layouts and a family tree depicting relationships.Mental images (occipital lobe is activated when thinking like this ) |
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Term
| What are symbolic representations? |
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Definition
| an abstract mental representation that does not correspond to the physical features of an object or idea. Usually words or ideas, abstract and aren't related to physical things. Like violin means musical instrument, not the sounds or letters, etc.Concepts are represented by subtypes of broad knowledge category |
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Term
| What is the defining attributes model? |
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Definition
| the idea that a concept is characterized by a list of features that are necessary to determine if an object is a member of the categoryDefine a category by attributes and engage in a if then reasoning Inherently some target members are better at this |
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Term
| What is the prototype model? |
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Definition
| an approach to object categorization that is based on the premise that within each category, some members are more representative than others. Prototype='best example'Allows for flexibility in the representation of conceptsWe have something to check against |
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Term
| What is the exemplar model? |
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Definition
| information stored about the members of a category is used to determine category membershipAll examples of category storedsome are more prototypical-this however allows for complete group |
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Term
| How do these models of categorization differ? |
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Definition
| Analogical representation- mental images Symbolic representation- Concepts are represented by subtypes of broad knowledge category Defining Attribute Model- defines a category by attributes and reason based on attributes if it belongs ina a category Prototype model- ‘best example’ in categories, as in the violin, trumpet, and guitar are the normal instruments you think of when you mention instruments, not the mellophone, etc. BEST EXAMPLE |
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Term
| What is a schema? What are the types of schemas we discussed in class? What effect do schemas have on thinking and memory? |
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Definition
| Schemas: mental constructs that organize our world Script: procedural info for how to behave in situation. Schema about the sequences of events in certain situations, or following general scripts of how to behave in particular settings. Social: info about people who occupy certain roles in society (Celebrities- they're just like us!) Sterotypes: info about certain types of people (gender roles- prescribed roles for males and females) Schemas help retrieve info from LTM, Aid in perception and affect memory , however they sometimes aren’t always accurate |
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Term
| How do people make decisions according to normative models of behavior? |
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Definition
| Decision based on which option has the highest probability of producing the preferred outcome |
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Term
| How do people make decisions according to descriptive models of behavior? |
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Definition
| We use heuristics, rules of thumb, and bias to make decision |
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Term
| What is the availability heuristic? |
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Definition
| the tendency to rely on information that is easy to retrieve (in regards to events or making judgments about frequency). Making a decision based on the answer that most easily comes to mind.Judge frequencies of event by the ease it comes to mind People are swayed by info that is vivid, easy to remember, recent, well publicized |
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Term
| What is the representativeness heuristic? |
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Definition
| when we base a decision on the extent to which each option reflects what we already believe about a situation. A rule for categorization based on how similar the person or object is to our prototypes for that category. Tendency to classify something based on similarity to category The more similar it is to other members of category more likely to be in category -Prototypes |
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Term
| What is base rate information? |
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Definition
| Objective info about the frequency of events or sizes of population -Ignores real life information |
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Term
| What is the simulation heuristic? |
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Definition
| More easily we can imagine a different outcome more we will be affected by outcome that actually occurred -If only things had been a little different… |
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Term
| What is affective forecasting? |
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Definition
| the forecasting of one's affect (emotional state) in the future. |
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Term
| What is the anchoring and adjustment heuristic? |
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Definition
| Estimate value by insufficiently adjusting from an initial anchor People use starting point and go up or down from that, often incorrectly |
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Term
| What is the framing effect? |
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Definition
| presenting information in a particular way affects decision-makingloss aversion- losing is much worse than gaining is good |
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Term
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Definition
| theory that describes decisions between alternatives that involve risk, i.e. alternatives with uncertain outcomes, where the probabilities are known. The model is descriptive: it tries to model real-life choices, rather than optimal decisions. |
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Term
| What is the confirmation bias? |
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Definition
| Tendency to notice/seek/interpret/remember information that confirms one's existing beliefs, ignore information that disconfirms one's beliefs |
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Term
| What are reasoning, decision-making, and problem-solving? |
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Definition
| Reasoning-using information to determine if a conclusion is valid or reasonable Decision-making- attempting to select the best alternative among several options. Problem-solving-finding a way around an obstacle to reach a goal |
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Term
| What are deductive and inductive reasoning? |
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Definition
| Deductive- using a belief or rule to determine if a conclusion is valid (follows logically from the belief or rule). Use logic. Inductive- Using examples of instances to determine if a rule or conclusion is likely to be true |
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Term
| What is meant by the “paradox of choice”? |
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Definition
| Modern day belief that the more options we have, the better. Some say too much choice makes some people miserable. Satisficers- good enough, maximizers- seek to make the best possible choices. Might be the responsible for a cultural shift in the average age at which people are settling into jobs and marriage |
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Term
| What is an achievement test? |
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Definition
| Assess current levels of skill and of knowledge |
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Term
| What is an aptitude test? |
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Definition
| Examine whether people will be good at various tasks in the future and may predict what jobs people might be good at. |
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Term
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Definition
| Made Binet-Simon Intelligence Scale- a test for measuring each child’s vocabulary, memory, skill with numbers, and other mental abilities |
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Term
| What is the evidence that IQ scores are valid? |
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Definition
| Miller’s Analogy test- correlation between IQ and work performance, |
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Term
| Describe Spearman’s “g” model of intelligence. |
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Definition
| Intelligence is one factor, and determines ability to do well or not do well on certain things,General intelligence (or G)- the idea that one general factor underlies all mental abilities. So someone good at math should be good at all subjects, similar to being generally 'smart' |
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Term
| What is factor analysis? What does factor analysis enable psychologists to do? How is factor analysis related to how Spearman developed the concept of g? |
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Definition
| Factor Analysis- a statistical technique that clusters items similar to one another. Spearman found using this method that most intelligence test items tended to cluster as one factor and that people who scored highly on one type of item also tended to score highly on other types of items. |
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Term
| What is the difference between Cattell’s fluid vs. crystallized intelligence? |
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Definition
| Fluid is information processing in novel or complex circumstances, while crystallized is knowledge acquired through experienve and the ability to use that knowledge. |
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Term
| What is the Tower of Hanoi? |
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Definition
| The Tower of Hanoi or Towers of Hanoi is a mathematical game or puzzle. It consists of three rods, and a number of disks of different sizes which can slide onto any rod. The puzzle starts with the disks neatly stacked in order of size on one rod, the smallest at the top, thus making a conical shape. |
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Term
| Describe Gardner’s model of Multiple Intelligences. |
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Definition
| Argued intelligence isn't centered around one object 'g', but is divided into visual/spatial, verbal, and math logic numbers sections Visual spatial- how you see and define distance Bodily/kinesthetic-learning to do something with your body quickly, being amazing at a sport- Jennifer GarnerMusical/rhythmic- can understand pitch, tones, harmony, rhythm and produce it on their ownNaturalist- natural ability to understand, as in scientist being good at scienceInterpersonal- ability to understand, get people to work with you, being high in charisma is similarIntrapersonal- understanding of yourself, your motives, what you want out of life, introspectVerbal/linguistic- how you speak, write language, read language, speakLogical/mathematical- just as it sounds, this is an independent skill, logic and math |
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Term
| Describe Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory of Intelligence. |
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Definition
| Proposed 3 factorsAnalyticalCaptured by traditional intelligence tests and 'g'Analytical intelligence- similar to that measured by psychometric tests.CreativeHow well you cope with new or novel tasksInvolves ability to gain insight and solve novel problems- to think in new and interesting waysPracticalEvery day problems, managing self and others effectively, 'street smarts'Refers to dealing with everyday tasks |
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Term
| What models/types of intelligence are tested by the WAIS-III and WISC-IV? |
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Definition
| WAIS-III and WISC-IV measure gWais-iii has 2 partsVerbal- measures aspects such as comprehension, vocabulary, and general knowledgePerformance- involves nonverbal tasks, such as arranging pictures in proper order, assembling parts to make a whole object, and identifying a picture's missing features |
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Term
| Why would your speed of answering to a test be an indicator of intelligence? One possible way your knowledge of material for this course could be assessed would be to have midterms that are about 100 questions long (instead of 40). Your score would be determined by how many you could get correct during the 50 minutes allotted for class time. What are the merits of this testing approach? What are possible problems with this approach? |
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Definition
| either you know it or you don’t, the faster you answer the more you actually know. The problem could be the order of the questions, some may know the first 50 better and some may know the last 50 better. |
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Term
| What is the Flynn Effect? Why is the Flynn Effect evidence that environment affects intelligence, and not genes? |
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Definition
| Flynn effect since genes cannot have changed much during this period, the increase in intelligence must be due to environmental factorsSame genes, very different environments will result in very different outcomes wheat-in an impoverished environment, you won't do well. In an enriched environment, you will.Heritability varies with respect to range of environmentIQ heritability high SES: .7-.8 IQ heritability low SES: .1-.2 |
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Term
| The totality of evidence indicates that, on average (though not true of all), minorities have lower IQ scores than White Americans. Why can’t we conclude that minorities are genetically inferior?What is stereotype threat? |
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Definition
| A finding that two or more groups differ with respect to some variable, such as scores on intelligence tests, does not mean the differences are inevitable or immutable. Also, minorities don’t have access lik white Americans do, so it isn’t valid.Stereotype threat- apprehension about confirming negative stereotypes related to one’s own group. |
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Term
| According to Freud, what are the three levels of consciousness? |
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Definition
| Conscious: what's happening right now, awarenessPreconscious: thoughts and feelings easily accessible, similar to long term memory storeUnconscious: realm of wishes, thoughts, feelings, and desires that you're not aware of and is difficult to access. Level of consciousness that you don't have ready access toLike an iceberg, conscious and preconscious are above the water, unconscious is below- also shows how unconscious has a huge effect on conscious and preconscious |
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Term
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Definition
| Id: the innermost core of the personality you don't have access to what your id wantsIn psychodynamic theory, the component of personality that is completely submerged in the unconscious and operates according to the pleasure principleId does what it wantsPresent at birthSource of all psychic energyTotally within the unconscious mindPleasure principle: seeks immediate gratification and releaseIgnores rational considerations and environmental realities DENNIS RODMAN I want to have sex I'm going to have sex |
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Term
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Definition
| Ego: has direct contact with realityIn psychodynamic theory, the component of personality that tries to satisfy the wishes of the id while being responsive to the dictates of the superegoDevelops after the idAt the conscious levelExecutive of Personality"Reality principle: tests reality to decide when and under what conditions the id can safely satisfy its needsWhat's conscious |
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Term
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Definition
| In psychodynamic theory, the internalization of societal and parental standards of conductWants to me completely morally perfect, angel in heaven Last to developAdheres to traditional values and ideals of family and society religious, moral ideasStrives to control the impulse of the idSeeks moral perfectionNo way sex is wrong and immoral no sexId: immediate gratificationSuperego: moral norms of societyEgo: Referee |
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Term
| What are defense mechanisms? |
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Definition
| Defense Mechanisms: Unconscious mental strategies to protect self from distressRationalization: Constructing a false, but plausible, explanation of excuseReaction Formation: an anxiety-arousing impulse is repressed and reformed into an exaggerated expression of the opposite behavior. overcompensating response to a behavior from you that you don't likeDisplacement: and impulse is repressed and re-directed at another target taking it out on someone elseProjection: an impulse is repressed and then attributed to other people project feelings on another person as if that person is feeling what you're feeling |
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Term
| What occurs at each psychosexual stage? |
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Definition
| rest of their livesAccording to Freud, the developmental stages that correspond to the pursuit of satisfaction of libidinal urgesChildren resolve various libidinal urgesFixation, arrested development, occurs when infant is over-deprived or over-indulged during a stageOral Stage pleasure is sought through the mouthBirth to 18 monthsPrimary form of pleasure through the mouth (breastfeeding) so infant focuses on mouth for pleasureFixation: reliance on oral stimulation for comfort (e.g. smoking, chewing on pen), self-indulgence and overdependenceAnal Stage learning to control the bowels18 months-3 yearsToilet training causes child to focus on controlling bowelsFixation: overemphasis on orderliness, cleanliness adherence to rulesPhallic Stage direct libidinal energies toward the genitals, children often discover the pleasure of rubbing their genitals during this time, although they have no sexual intent per se.4-5 yearsSuperego formsChildren derive pleasure from sex organsFirst experience erotic feelings for opposite sex parentResolve via identification with same-sex parentLatency Stage libidinla urges are suppressed or channeled into doing schoolwork or building friendshipsChildren don't feel sexual desiresGo to school, be happy and healthy, make friends, do homeworkGenital Stage adolescents and adults attain mature attitudes about sexuality and adulthood. Libidinal urges are centered on the capacity to reproduce and contribute to societyHealthy attitude towards sex |
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Term
| According to Freud, where does personality come from? |
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Definition
| Freud emphasizes unconscious and dynamic processes between structures that shape personality |
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Term
| Describe the humanistic approach to personality development. |
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Definition
| Humanistic humans goal is to be self-actualized- so who you really are, and what is it that you really want?Approaches to studying personality that emphasize personal experience and belief systems; they propose that people seek personal growth to fulfill their human potentialEmphasizes the process to understand self, fulfill potential, self-actualize to shape personality.Who are you, really?What do you truly want? People inherently need:To truly self-actualize humans seek to fulfill their potential for personal growth through greater self-understandingPositive regard from othersPositive self-regardRole of unconditional vs. conditional parental loveHumanity is generally good |
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Term
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Definition
| Phenomenology- subjective human experienceEmphasis on the present not the past |
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Term
| What is the person-centered approach? |
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Definition
| Person-centered approach- personality emphasizes people's personal understandings, or phenomenology.Emphasis on personal understandings of problems/issues |
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Term
| What is self-actualization? |
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Definition
| self-actualize humans seek to fulfill their potential for personal growth through greater self-understanding |
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Term
| What is a fully-functioning person? |
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Definition
| Fully functioning person child with healthy self esteemPeople who are close to achieving self-actualizationKnow themselves, their behavior, and how that is accepted by othersInner freedomPerfect self-determinationSelf acceptance |
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Term
| According to the humanistic approach, what role do parents play in personality development? |
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Definition
| Most parents provide love and support that is conditional: they love you as long as we follow what they want us to do. Parents who disapprove of their children’s behavior may withhold their love; as a result, children quickly abandon their true feelings, dreams, and desires and accept only those parts of themselves that elicit parental love and support. Others have unconditional positive regard, in which children are accepted, loved, and prized no matter how they behave. Parents may express disapproval of bad behavior, but in a context that ensures the children feel loved. |
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Term
| What is the difference between nomothetic versus idiographic approaches to the study of personality? |
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Definition
| Approachment is nomothetic- approaches to studying personality that focus on how people vary across common traitsFocusing on traits common among everyone but on which individuals varyIdeographic- Approach one person individually and their individual traits, not general traits of everyonePerson-centered approaches to studying personality that focus on individual lives and how various characteristics are integrated into unique prsons. |
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Term
| Describe the traits: Openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism. What are features of people who are high and low in each trait? How might they behave? |
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Definition
| The big 5 (OCEAN)Openness to experienceHigh: enjoys novel experiences and approaches to problems, curious, creative like phoebee from friendsLow: pracitical, traditional, prefers what is 'tried-and-true', straighforward steve carell from 40 year old virginConscientiousnessHigh: planful, organized, careful, rule-abiding, detail-oriented like monica from friendsLow: spontaneous, possibly 'absent-minded', like the big picture, can seem disorganized like octa-momExtraversionHigh: sociable, talkative, active, enjoy crowds and noise, appear cheerful to others peter from the officeLow: quiet, self-contained, prefer intimate relationships, appear 'deep' to othersAgreeablenessHigh: trusting cooperative, helpful, accommodating pam from the officeLow: cynical, quick to irritation, suspicious, stubborn, inflexible cartman from SouthparkNeuroticismHigh: experiences negative emotions easily, anxious, worried, feels vulnerable like george from seinfeldLow: resilient, calm, relaxed, handles stress well like jim from the officeCritiques:Descriptive, not explanatoryToo simplisticRanjeet and John have similar scores on all big 5, do you feel you know both John and Ranjeet? |
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Term
| What is the interactionist perspective? |
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Definition
| Theorists who believe that behavior is determined jointly by underlying dispositions and situations |
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Term
| What is the evidence that genes influence personality? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Biologically based tendencies to feel or act in certain ways |
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Term
| What do differences in temperament indicate about the biological bases of personality? |
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Definition
| Activity level, emotionality, sociability |
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Term
| Who is more easily aroused: extraverts or introverts? What does this difference mean with respect to how extraverts and introverts behave and react to different stimuli? What are the BIS and BAS systems? |
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Definition
| Extraverts and introverts differ in arousability:Extraverts are difficult to arouse, so they seek arousing, stimulating scenariosWork better in noiseMore likely to approach and be affected by rewards Introverts are very easily arousedAre distracted easilyMore likely to inhibit/retreat and be affected by punishmentMay be differences in frontal lobe and amygdala activityBIS- behavioral inhibition system- the brain system that is sensitive to punishment and therefore inhibits behavior that might lead to danger or painBAS- Behavioral approach system- the brain system involved in the pursuit of incentives or rewards |
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Term
| What is the self-concept? What is a self-schema? What is a working self-concept? |
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Definition
| Self concept-everythign you know about yourselfSelf-schema- integrated set of memories, beliefs, and generalizations about the self.Working self-concept- the immediate experience of self, limited to the amount of personal information that can be processed cognitively at any give time. |
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Term
| What is the sociometer theory of self-esteem? |
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Definition
| Sociometer Theory self-esteem functions largely on how accepted you are by your peers. Poor self esteem means you're not liked, you need to do something to make yourself liked or you'll be abandoned by society. |
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Term
| What is terror management theory? |
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Definition
| Terror Management Theory- there are cultural world views that make us feel as if we're going to live forever (religion and afterlife- heaven or reincarnation). Atheists- do a lot while alive to leave a 'legacy' |
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Term
| What is self-evaluative maintenance? |
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Definition
| Self-evaluation maintenance model-you desire to be good, if someone is better than you, you distance yourself from that person or you adopt a new hobby |
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Term
| How do people strategically use social comparisons to enhance self-esteem? |
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Definition
| Downward comparisons-people who have high self esteem is by constantly making comparisons to make them come out the winnerPeople evaluate their own actions, abilities, and beliefs by contrasting them with other people’s. |
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Term
| What are self-serving biases? |
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Definition
| Self-serving biases-tendency to take credit for things you're good at, or to blame something else for things you're not good at. You make internal attributions for success, and make external attributions for something that made you do badly.Internal- blame it on a personExternal- blame it on the situation |
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Term
| How do people from individualist cultures define their selves? In other words, what is an independent self-construal and interdependent self-construal? |
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Definition
| Independent self-construal- people in individualist cultures, parents and teachers encourage children to be self-reliant and to pursue personal success, even at the expense of interpersonal relationships.Interdependent self-construal- people in collectivist cultures whose self-concepts are determined to a large extent by their social roles and personal relationships |
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Term
| Is the self-serving bias universal? |
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Definition
| The overall evidence supports the view that people in individualistic cultures are more concerned with self-enhancement than those in collectivist, particularly Asian, cultures. People in western cultures showed a much larger self-serving bias than those in Eastern cultures. |
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Term
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Definition
| Internal locus of control: people believe they can bring about their own rewardsExternal locus of control: rewards(and the person’s fate) is beyond control |
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Term
| What is the cognitive-affective personality system (CAPS; Mischel & Shoda, 1995)? |
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Definition
| People’s responses are influenced by how they perceive a given situation, their response to the situation, their skills in dealing with challenges, and their anticipation of the outcome of their behavior |
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Term
| How is personality assessed? What are objective tests and projective tests? |
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Definition
| Objective tests: measure personality by what the person indicates they know about themselvesProjective: more ambiguous, determines personality by having a person explain something |
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Term
| What role did factor analysis play in the study of personality traits? |
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Definition
| Cattell used factor analysis to group items according to their similarities, for instance all the terms that referred to friendliness were grouped together. Through this procedure, cattell identified 16 basic dimensions of personality. |
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Term
| How does the trait approach differ from the psychoanalytic and humanistic approaches to personality development? |
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Definition
| The trait approach deals with individual traits of a personality, whereas the phsychoanalytic and humanistic approach deals with the whole personality, and not individual traits. |
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