Term
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Definition
| a checklist used to record thee presence or absence of specific behaviors and characteristics |
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Term
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Definition
| observing subsets of a participants behavior by observing behavior at different times and/or in different situations |
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Term
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Definition
| a subset of a population that overrepresents or underrepresents population subgroups |
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Term
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Definition
| a tool used for data collection during observational studies |
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Term
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Definition
| the coding of notes and tapes to reduce the amount of information obtained to a more manageable level |
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Term
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Definition
| a technique in which the observer slowly moves closer to the participants until he or she can sit near or even among them without disturbing them |
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Term
| disguised participant studies |
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Definition
| studies in which the researcher is an active participant in the research situation but the other participants do not know that the researcher is observing their behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| the extent to which study results can be readily generalized to real life |
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Term
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Definition
| the random or systematic selection of events that include the behavior of interest |
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Term
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Definition
| highly controlled observational studies in a natural setting, where the researcher manipulates an independent variable to assess its effect on a dependent variable |
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Term
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Definition
| a technique in which the observer appears in the research setting numerous times until his or her presence no longer appears to affect the participants' behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| the effect of observers on the behavior of subjects in the social sciences |
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Term
| interobserver reliabililty |
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Definition
the degree to which a measurement procedure yields consistent results when used by different observers. One general formula for interobserver reliatility is as follows:
number of agreements
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number of opportunities for agreement x 100 |
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Term
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Definition
| a running record of behavior occurring in a given situation. narrative records can be created by audiotaping or videotaping a situation, or by means of handwritten notes |
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Term
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Definition
| unobtrusively observing behaviors in the natural setting. The investigator does nothing to interfere with the participants' behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| bias introduced into data collection by the beliefs and attitudes of the observer |
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Term
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Definition
| studies in which the researcher is an active participant in the situation along with the participants who are being observed |
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Term
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Definition
| a measurement of behavior that is susceptible to reactivity |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency for behavior to change when participants know that they are being observed |
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Term
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Definition
| the consistency with which the same results are obtained from the same test, instrument, or procedure |
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Term
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Definition
| making observations in different settings and circumstances in order to obtain a representative sample or behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| a checklist used to record characteristics that will not change during the course of the observations |
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Term
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Definition
| a technique where the times at which observations will be made are determined in an effort to obtain a representative sample of behaviors. It may be done randomly or systematically. |
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Term
| undisguised participant studies |
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Definition
| studies in which the researcher is an active participant in the research situation and the other participants are aware that the researcher is observing their behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| survey, interview or test questions that ask the respondent to choose from alternative potential answers |
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Term
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Definition
| a technique in which clusters of elements that represent the population are identified and then all of the elements in those clusters are included in the sample |
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Term
| convenience (or haphazard or accidental) sample |
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Definition
| a sample composed of individuals who happen to be at the right place at the right time; not to be confused with a random sample |
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Term
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Definition
| survey questions about the characteristics of a sample, such as average age, racial composition and socioeconomic status |
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Term
| double-barreled questions |
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Definition
| a survey, interview, or test question worded in such a manner as to ask more than one question at the same time |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| survey or interview question that instructs the respondent or interviewer as to what the next question should be for different answers by the respondent |
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Term
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Definition
| a set of survey or interview questions ordered from the most general question to the most specific question |
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Term
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Definition
| the confound that arises when an interviewers behaviors, questions, or recording procedures result in data that are consistent with the interviewers personal beliefs and constitute an inaccurate record of the respondents true opinions or behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| survey, interview, or test questions in which information is presented in such a manner that the respondent is more likely to give the answer that the researcher wants |
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Term
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Definition
| survey, interview, or test questions that include non-neutral or emotionally laden terms |
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Term
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Definition
| written self administered questionnaires |
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Term
| nonprobability sampling techniques |
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Definition
| the sample that is formed without considering the probability of each member of the population |
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Term
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Definition
| survey, interview, or test questions that do not provide specific options for answers but instead provide room or time for the respondent to formulate his or her own response |
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Term
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Definition
| type of survey that involves a person-to-person meeting between the interviewer and the respondent |
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Term
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Definition
| all of the individuals to whom a research project is meant to generalize |
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Term
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Definition
| a sampling technique in which differing numbers of participants are chosen for each sample from various subgroups of a population by identifying convenience sources of subgroup members and soliciting participants from these sources |
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Term
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Definition
| a sample in which the elements were selected randomly from a sampling frame |
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Term
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Definition
| a manner of sample selection in which all members of the population are equally likely to be chosen as part of the sample; this should not be confused with convenience (haphazardly or arbitrarily) choosing elements for a sample |
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Term
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Definition
the extent to which people who receive a survey or are approached to complete an interview complete the survey or interview. a formula for the responses rate is as follows:
number of responses
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number in sample-(ineligible and undeliverable requests) x 100 |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the extent to which a sample does not represent the underlying population |
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Term
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Definition
| a list of all the members of a population; it serves as the operational definition of the population |
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Term
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Definition
| sampling technique in which research participants are asked to identify other potential participants |
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Term
| socially desirable responses |
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Definition
| responses that reflect what is deemed appropriate by society but do not necessarily reflect the respondents true beliefs, attitudes or behaviors |
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Term
| stratified random sampling |
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Definition
| stratified sampling in which members of the sample are chosen randomly |
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Term
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Definition
| a sampling technique intended to guarantee that the sample will be representative of specific subgroups of the population, called strata. the sampling frame is divided into such strata, and then the elements of the sample are chosen from the strata. |
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Term
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Definition
| sampling in which elements are not chosen randomly but instead are chosen according to some specific plan or strategy |
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Term
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Definition
| surveys conducted over the telephone |
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Term
| interaction of selection with other threats to internal validity |
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Definition
| the confound arising when comparison groups are not equivalent and an extraneous variable affects one group but not the other |
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Term
| multiple time-series design |
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Definition
| a quasi-experimental design that combines the time-series design and the pretest-posttest design with nonequivalent groups by making multiple observations of an experimental group and its nonequivalent control group |
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Term
| nonequivalent-control-group design |
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Definition
| a type of quasi-experimental design in which the experimental group is compared with a comparable, but not equivalent, control group |
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Term
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Definition
| a simple type of research design in an applied setting that yields results for which there are several alternative explanations |
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Term
| pretest and posttest measures |
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Definition
| measurements made in a nonequivalent-control-group design before and after the introduction of a treatment to the experimental group |
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Term
| pretest-posttest design with nonequivalent groups |
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Definition
| a type of quasi-experimental design in which the experimental group is compared with a comparable, but not equivalent, control group |
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Term
| quasi-experimental design |
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Definition
| a type of research design in which non-equivalent groups are compared, a single group is observed a number of times, or both of these techniques are combined |
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Term
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Definition
| the confound arising when there are differences between the comparison groups within a study |
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Term
| subject mortality (or subject attrition) |
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Definition
| the loss of data when participants withdraw from a study or their data cannot be used |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of quasi-experimental design in which multiple observations are made of a single group |
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Term
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Definition
| a single-subject research design in which baseline (A) is followed by the intervention (B), then by withdrawal (A), and then by the introduction of the intervention again (B) |
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Term
| alternating-treatments design (or between-series design) |
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Definition
| a single-subject design in which two (or more) treatments are introduced to the subject randomly or systematically, so that the effectiveness of each treatment may be compared |
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Term
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Definition
| a measurement of the dependent variable that is taken before the manipulation of the independent variable; used extensively in single-subject designs |
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Term
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Definition
| descriptions of an individual and his or her experiences that do not involve the systematic manipulation of the independent variable |
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Term
| changing-criterion design |
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Definition
| a single subject design used to assess an intervention when the criterion for that intervention is routinely changed |
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Term
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Definition
| related to the study of individuals. Idiographic research attempts to identify patterns of behavior within the individual. |
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Term
| multiple-baselines design |
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Definition
| a single-subject design in which the effectiveness of a treatment is assessed on two or more behaviors or across two or more situations |
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Term
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Definition
| related to the study of groups in an attempt to identify general laws and principles of behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| the confound arising when a behavior change is apparent after the introduction of an intervention, even though the intervention is known to be ineffectual |
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Term
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Definition
| a single0subject design in which the effectiveness of an intervention is determined by withdrawing the intervention and introducing a new and opposite intervention |
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Term
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Definition
| research designs in which only one subject need be observed. the goal in single subject designs is to eliminate as many alternative hypotheses for the results as possible |
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Term
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Definition
| all of the biases and expectations that a participant brings to a study |
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Term
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Definition
| a single-subject design in which an intervention is introduced after baseline and then withdrawn to determine whether the intervention affects performance |
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