Tricomonas Vaginalis

Candida Albicans

Mobiluncus spp.

Gardnerella Vaginitis 

What are the agents that account for 50% of all cases of vaginitis and vaginosis?

What are the environments of these agents?

Mobiluncus 

Gardnerella

Both are obligate anaerobes 

The type of UTI that is NOT due to E. Coli is catheter-associated UTI. 

The agent for catheter associated UTI is candida albicans. 

arbovirus

________ produce cystic lesions and act as a parasite on humans.

E.g. T. solium and echinococcosis-hydatid cyst

Tetanus: Clostridium Tetani

Botulism: Clostridium botulinum

PNS disease that causes infection of sensory nerves? Give etiologic agent.

HHV-6 and HHV-7

Non polio enteroviruses (coxsackie and ECHO viruses)

Arbovirus

Mumps (unless countries immunize against it)

Name two rare causes of focal encephalitis: 

One is rare due to animal vaccination.

The other is rare due to human vaccination

Rabies virus

and

Mumps/measles virus

CURRENT number one etiologic agent for responsible for community-acquired bacterial meningitis?

N. Meningitidis!

After mumps/measles, H. influenzae, and conjugated pneumoccocal vaccines have been developed, nesseria is now the biggest agent.

Streptococcus agalactiae

E. Coli K1

Listeria Monocytogenes

Klebsiella pneumoniae

Streptococcus Agalactiae

Gram positive cocci

Late, insidious onset sepsis.

Occurs from 7 days to 3 months of birth.

The screening approach is done for carriers of GBS. OR if they were not screened and are delivering prematurely.

Penicillin G or amplicillin is given INTRAPARTUM.

Before labor or post-partum will have no effect.

Pregnant women that present with risk factors:

elevated temp intrapartum

membrane rupture in greater than 18 hours after birth

premature onset of labor

Which agent of neonatal meningitis is described as: 

**ubiquitous (environment, normal fecal flora, foods)

a gram positive cocci

can be transferred in utero and transplacentally

A gravid female infected by L. Monocytogenes will manifest with a ______.

They will rarely present with ______?

Why is does the illness occur in the gravid female's 3rd trimester?

1. Bacteremia

2. Meningitis

3. Greatest decline in mother's CMI

The fetus infected in utero by L. monocytogenes results in: (other than birth problems)

Early onset sepsis due to Listeria Monocytogenes (neonatal bacterial meningitis) is associated with?

How is the fetus infected?

What complications may arise?

Premature births

Fetus is infected in utero by inhaling infected amniotic fluid

Dissemination: abcesses and granulomas in multiple organs

Where does late onset meningoencephalitis in newborns occur (as opposed to early onset)?

When do S&S manifest?

Is mortality higher or lower than acute onset?

-late onset occurs during or after birth vs. in utero

Symptoms manifest 1-2 weeks after birth

Mortality is moderate as compared to early onset, however neurological sequelae occur in survivors.

What type of "test" is done to detect a congenital infection?

Name the 4 diseases.

Toxoplasma

Rubella

CMV

HSV-1 and HSV-2

induction of IL-8 -->cancer

acid tolerant because it produces copious amounts of urease

produces cytotoxin VacA required for ulcers

^these describe virulence factors of which agent?

Epidemiology:

-gram negative curved rod

-noninvasive

-virulence factor: healt-labile enterotoxin

-high dose organism (need 1 mil bacteria to infect)

-vehicle is shellfish and water

-occurs in SUMMER months

Agent?

Not as sever and much more abrupt (1-3 days vs. week)

Traveler's diarrhea

Short incubation period

entertoxin absorbed in gut

acts on vomiting center after dissemination to CNS

^describes pathogenesis of which agent?

Which of the foodborne diseases are 

A. Heat Labile

B. Heat Stable

C. Heat Labile and Acid labile

A. Bacillus is heat labile

B. Staph aureus is heat stable

C. clostridium perfringens is heat and acid labile

Which of the following are extracellular protozoans, and which are obligate intracellular invasive?

Giardia

Cryptosporidium and cyclospora

Giardia: extracellular

C and C: obligate intracellular invasive

1. Cryptosporidium parvum

2. Giardia lamblia

acid fast gents responsible for: afebrile water diarrhea with mucous, flatulence, N+V, abdominal distension.

diarrhea is explosive and self-limiting in immunocompetent. lasts 2 weeks.

diarrhea for 2 months; dissemination to GI tract, liver, pancreas lungs in immunocompromised

enterohemorrhagic E. Coli and Shigatoxin-producing ecoli 

(EHEC and STEC)

Which form is the infection form in entamoeba?

What shaped formations are found surrounding intestinal mucosa after cell destruction in dysyntery?

cyst form is infectious

"flask shaped" formations

-rotavirus

-norwalk and noroviruses

Which is endemic in winter?

Norwalk virus

Rotavirus 

Norovirus

The following describes which agent?

causes epidemic viral gastroenteritis, occurs primarily in older children and adults; most cases in summer; outbreaks in communities/nursing homes.

Name 4 invasive diarrheal agents:

(ALL G - rods)

Shigella, Yersinia, and Salmonella _____ human cells

For shigella, the sole reservoir is:

For campylobacter, it exists in NF of GIT of ____

Agent thats virulence factor is similar to ST toxin of ecoli

-winter seasonality

-transmitted via unpasteurized milk, canned meat, and blood transfusions

Three Helminth/Tapeworm (cestode) infections?

Humans are the definitive/intermediate host

Pork Tapeworm

can cause cysticercosis

Enterobius 

Trichuris trichiura

Ascaris

For three nematodes:

Hosts?

Which agent is described below:

thumbsuckers at risk

trouble sleeping at night because females lay eggs at night, cause itching

humans are only hosts

enterobiasis

light infections (asymptomatic) 

heavier infections (symptomatic)

systemic symptoms include blood loss