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Definition
| Ideas representing class or category of objects, events, or activities |
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Definition
The most general from of a type of concept
Refers to highest in status or standing
• Ex. Animal, fruit |
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Definition
Around which other concepts are organized
• Ex. Cat --> House Cat ---> Circus cat (tiger), pear |
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Definition
Most specific type of concept
• Ex. Dog ---> Your own dog, pear in your hand |
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Term
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Definition
Superordinate
Basic level type
Subordinate
Formal
Natural
Prototype |
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Definition
| Defined by rules/specific features |
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Definition
| Known based off of experience in the real world |
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Definition
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Definition
| Process of cognition that occurs when a goal must be reached by thinking and behaving in certain ways |
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Definition
Trial & error
Algorithms
Heuristic |
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Term
| Trial and error (mechanical solution) |
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Definition
| One possible solution after another is tried until a successful one is found |
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Term
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Definition
| Very specific, step-by-step procedures |
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Definition
| "Rule of thumb", an educated guess based on prior experiences to help narrow down possible solutions |
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Term
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Definition
• Representative heuristic
• Availability heuristic
• Means-end analysis |
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Definition
| assumption that anything sharing characteristics with the members of a category is also a member of that category. |
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Definition
| Rely on what's available from previous experience |
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Term
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Definition
○ the difference between the situation and the goal is determined and steps are taken to reduce that difference.
○ Look at end result, and then go back and break it down step by step, backwards |
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Term
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Definition
| Sudden perception of a solution to a problem ("aha") |
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Term
| Types of Barriers to Problem-Solving |
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Definition
Functional fixedness
Confirmation bias
Mental set |
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Term
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Definition
| Stuck on fixing something only one way, aren't as open-minded to other ideas |
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Term
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Definition
| Stuck in working with something that has worked in the past |
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Term
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Definition
| The tendency to search for evidence that fits one's beliefs while ignoring any evidence that does not fit those beliefs |
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Definition
| Solving problems by combining ideas or behavior in new ways |
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Term
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Definition
Convergent thinking
Divergent thinking |
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Term
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Definition
| A way of thinking where we see a problem and believe there is only one right answer |
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Definition
| Brainstorming many different ways of problem solving |
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Definition
The ability to:
• Learn from experience
• Acquire knowledge &
• Adapt to new situations |
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Definition
G factor
S factor
Factor analysis |
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Term
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Definition
(general intelligence)
• The ability to reason & solve problems
• "g" underlies intelligent behavior |
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Definition
(specific intelligence)
• The ability to excel in certain areas |
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Term
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Definition
| Used to identify clusters of test items that measure a common ability |
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Term
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Definition
• Supports idea that intelligence comes in multiple forms
• Spearman & Thurstone were too specific
• Savant syndrome |
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Term
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Definition
| Clusters of Primary Mental Abilities |
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Term
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Definition
| ○ Where an individual may have deficits in some areas but extreme ability in others |
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Definition
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Term
| Multiple Intelligences (Gardner) |
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Definition
Verbal Linguistic (Language)
Logical-Mathematical
Visual/Spatial
Musical
Movement (Body-kinesthetic)
Intrapresonal (Self)
Interpersonal (Others)
Naturalist
Existentialist (Meaning of Life) |
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Term
| Sternberg's Triarchic Theory |
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Definition
Analytical
Break down problems down into components
Practical
Use information for success in life
Creative
Deal with novel problems in new ways |
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Term
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Definition
(Salovey and colleagues, 2005)
Ability to perceive, understand & use emotions |
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Term
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Definition
• Assess individual's mental aptitudes, what are they good at
• Compare an individual with others using numerical scores |
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Term
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Definition
| Alfred Binet & Theodore Simone developed the first intelligence test for use in Paris schools |
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Term
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Definition
• Adapted Binet's test
• Stanford-Binet Test
• Keep going until wrong, possibly 6-8 hours
• Formula for Intelligence, Quotient, or IQ score |
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Term
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Definition
| (Mental age/chronological age)*100 |
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Term
| Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) |
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Definition
• Measures overall intelligence & 11 other aspects related to intelligence
• Performance IQ & Verbal IQ - remains relatively stable
• Designed to assess clinical and educational problems
• Least bias (cultural) |
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Term
| Principles of Test Construction |
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Definition
Reliability
Consistency of results
Validity
Standardization |
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Term
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Definition
• Representative sample of future test takers
• Norms
○ Establish a basic of meaningful comparison
• Standardized tests establish a normal distribution of scores on a tested population in a bell-shaped pattern (Normal Curve) |
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Term
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Definition
| Differences in intelligence among racial groups are largely environmental |
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Term
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Definition
• IQ Score of 70 and below &
• Significant limitations in adaptive functioning
Severity
Mild: IQ 55-70
Moderate: IQ 40-55
Severe: IQ 25-40
Profound: IQ <25 |
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Term
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Definition
Studies of twins, family members & adopted children together support the idea that there is a significant genetic contribution to intelligence
1. Identical twins together
2. Identical twins apart
3. Fraternal twins
4. Siblings
5. Unrelated |
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Term
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Definition
| Intended to predict your ability to learn a new skill |
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Term
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Definition
| Intended to reflect what you have already learned |
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Definition
Grammar
Syntax
Morphemes
Phonemes
Semantics
Pragmatics |
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