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is a category of people who have been singled out as inferior or superior, often on the basis of real or alleged physical characteristic such as skin color, hair texture, eye shape, or other subjectively selected attributes.
A socially constructed way of categorizing people based on physical characteristic deemed important in society. (skin color, hair texture) |
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| What meaning does race hold within our society? |
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Categories of people frequently thought of as racial groups include Native Americans, Mexican Americans, African Americans, and Asian Americans. This classification is rooted in nineteenth-century distinctions made by some biologists, who divided the world’s population into three racial categories: Caucasian—people characterized as having relatively light skin and fine hair; Negroid—people with darker skin and coarser, curlier hair; and Mongoloid—people with yellow or brown skin and distinctively shaped eyelids.
Medical problems may have more prevalent in one race then another. If we can categorize people (races) it allows one race to be better than others. Dominant power will oppress the other group. It affects your life chances. |
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is a set of attitudes, beliefs, and practices that is used to justify the superior treatment of one racial or ethnic group and the inferior treatment of another racial or ethnic group.
Belief that one race is superior to another. |
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defines individuals who are believed to share common characteristics that differentiate them from the other collectivities in a society. An ethnic group is a collection of people distinguished, by others or by themselves, primarily on the basis of cultural or nationality characteristics.
Cultural characteristics, religious beliefs, language, customs. |
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is one that is advantaged and has superior resources and rights in a society. In the US, whites with northern European ancestry are considered to be a dominant group.
In our society: Caucasians, males, Protestants, heterosexuals. One group that is advantaged and has superior resources and rights in society. |
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subordinate group is one whose members, because of physical or cultural characteristics, are disadvantaged and subjected to unequal treatment by the dominant group and who regard themselves as objects of collective discrimination.
Not always determined by numbers.
1) Some type of distinctive identity (not always based on physical attributes)
2) Often subordinated, someone in control over you.
3) Often have lower prestige. |
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| Being pushed out on the edges, on the fringes of society. The action taken could harm or disadvantage someone |
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| Prejudice is a negative attitude based on faulty generalizations about members of selected racial and ethnic groups. |
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overgeneralizations about the appearance, behavior, or other characteristics of members of particular categories.
Making a generalization and turn it into a thought about the whole group based on an experience with one. A bad experience with a lawyer could result in someone saying that all lawyers are crooks. All athletes are stupid. All Sociology teachers are useless. |
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| Some theories focus on how individuals may transfer their internal psychological problem onto an external object or person. Others look at factors such as social learning and personality types. The object of their aggression becomes the scapegoat—a person or group that is incapable of offering resistance to the hostility or aggression of others. Highly prejuxdiced individuals tend to have an authoritarian personality, which is characterized by excessive conformity, submissiveness to authority, intolerance, insecurity, a high level of superstition, and rigid, stereotypic thinking. |
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| Their situation is blamed on someone else. Use others as an excuse for one’s troubles or one’s shortcomings-often the less powerful are blamed |
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| Authoritarian Personality Theory |
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| believed to be the cause of parents being strict, rigid, cold, uncompromising- No give and take. Just do what you are told to, but it results in anger. People raised by authoritarian parents are also rigid, no gray area, and often see others as lower than themselves |
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| Cultural Theory of Ethnocentrism |
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| You have been taught that you are better than certain groups. Your peer and parents talked about it. |
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| powerful groups try to control the resources and power in a society by oppressing others |
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involves actions or practices of dominant-group members (or their representatives) that have a harmful impact on members of a subordinate group.
Involves actions and practices. Taking action to harm or disadvantage another based on negative feelings. You are not just thinking, feeling or believing it anymore. You are acting on it. |
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| How does individual discrimination differ from institutional discrimination? |
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| consists of one-on-one acts by members of the dominant group that harm members of the subordinate group or property. For example, a person may decide not to rent an apartment to someone of a different race. Individual: Between you and me, or me and my classmates, or my neighbors, or my teammates. |
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| Institutional discrimination |
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consists of the day-to-day practices of organizations and institutions that have a harmful impact on members of subordinate groups. For example, a bank might consistently deny loans to people of a certain race. Institutional discrimination is carried out by the individuals who implement the policies and procedures of organizations.
Institutional: Banking system- i.e., may not lend because of color. Other examples: political systems, educational systems, school systems-segregation. |
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is a process by which members of subordinate racial and ethnic groups become absorbed into the dominant culture.
ASSIMILATION: Groups come to the United States and try to become Americans-that way they won’t be seen as outsiders. They dress like us. If you go to France you will become like the French, etc. |
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is the coexistence of a variety of distinct racial and ethnic groups within one society.
ETHNIC PLURALISM: They come here but maintain their own ethnic-identity. They may still dress the way they always have or speak the same language. They don’t give up their identity to become like the dominant group |
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is the spatial and social separation of categories of people by race, ethnicity, class, gender, and / or religion.
Segregation: Physical or social segregations |
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determined by law. Blacks in one school, blacks use a different door.
De facto: Division within our society, not mandated but law but just ways we separate ourselves from other groups different than us. Whites live in one part of the community while Blacks live in another section and Hispanics in another section. |
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| Racial and ethnic groups in the US |
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| Native Americans ,White Anglo-Saxon Protestants, Middle Eastern Americans ,African Americans ,Latinos (Hispanic ,Asian Americans |
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GENOCIDE: Try to get rid of a race. Hitler (with Jews). Stalin. 30,000 people died. Systematic killing. Mussolini.
is the deliberate, systematic killing of an entire people or nation. Examples of genocide include the killing of thousands of Native Americans by white settlers in North America and the extermination of 6 million European Jews by Nazi Germany. |
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| They were here when we arrived but we allowed them to gain citizenship in 1924. Maybe there were around 2 million when we arrived, and 250,000 were all that were left around 1900. They died from diseases or were purposely killed. We killed their buffalos, infested blankets with smallpox. We set up Bureau of Indian Affairs to make them more American- cut their children’s hair, changed their names. High incidence of violence, poverty rate and alcoholism. |
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1619: Dutch ship traded these people for supplies in Jamestown, Virginia. They were not allowed to marry, not allowed to read, women were used by plantation owners for sex. Mild punishment of slave owners for maltreatment or even killing slaves. At first, we didn’t hate blacks, just needed the African-Americans for labor on plantations.
Today- High rates of poverty and unemployment.
Martin Luther King Jr: Don’t use violence and based much of his beliefs on scripture and on Gandhi’s teachings. |
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| Model minority. Why don’t the rest of our minorities follow suit? Highest median family income. Higher than whites. Placed Japanese citizens in interment camps after the Pearl Harbor attack for fear Japan would attack us again and their Japanese counterparts would join in with the attack. Received $20,000 in the 80’s for restitution. |
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| Now the largest minority group. Mexicans are the poorest. Cubans are the most well-off. Fairly high unemployment and poverty. |
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| They suffer in the United States because of what happened on 9/11. They try to persuade their children to interact with children of the same descent in order for them to feel safe and accepted. |
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| thought to be 10,000 hate crimes a year-not all rapes and murders-many are crimes of vandalism, racial slurs, destruction of property. The crimes cause an additional emotional harm. Hate crime is based on a bias that one has toward a group of people. Those most apt to suffer from a hate crime in the U.S. are African-Americans (race), Jewish (religion), and homosexual males. |
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