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| An event or object that stimulates behavior |
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Reaction to a Stimulus-->behavior Some were so obssesed with stimulus and response they were called SR psychologists |
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| A form of learning in which a neutral stimulus is associated with a meaningful stimulus --> conditioned behavior |
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| A general process in which repeated or prolonged exposure to a stimulus results in a gradual reduction in responding |
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Studying saliva in dog, put tube in, attached to counter that would measure exact drops of saliva Fed dogs at same time every day, dogs heard footsteps in the hallway and would start to salivate |
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Unconditional Stimulus (UCS) What is UCS in Pavlov's experiment? |
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Stimulus that produces automatic uncoditioned response Food is UCS |
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Unconditioned Response (UCR) What is UCR in Pavlov's experiment? |
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Unlearned Response Saliva is UCR Automatic response, like reflexes |
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Conditioned Stimulus (CS) What is CS in Pavlov's experiement? |
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Neutral stimulus that is paired with the UCS Bell is CS CS (Bel) + UCS (Food) = UCR (Salvation) Ex. Best friend introduces you to someone, at first you have no reaction to them, the more time you spend with them and your best friend the more reaction you have towards them |
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Conditioned Response (CR) |
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Learned Response to CS alone May take several tries to get this, little dogs took longer than the big ones |
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Uncondition= _______ Conditioned= ________ |
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Uncondition= Unlearned Conditioned= Learned |
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Initial step of establishing and strengthening a response Phase of classical conditioning when the CS and the UCS are presented together
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| Gradual fading of a response when the conditioned stimulus is not followed by the unconditioned stimulus after many trials |
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| Reappearance after a certain period of an extinguished response, does not take as long to establish |
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| Tendency to respond to stimuli that are similar to the CS |
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| Ability to distinguish between a CS and another similar stimulus |
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Little Albert Whenever Albert would see a rat Watson would strike a metal bar cause Albert to cry, did this over and over everytime Albert saw the rat, soon Albert would cry when he saw the rat even without the noise |
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Conditioned Emotional Response (CER) |
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| Classical condition of emotional behavior |
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Watson and Rayner Little Albert What is the UCS? UCR? CS? |
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USC= loud noise UCR=fear CS=White rat |
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Pavlov about ______ --> _______ Skinner about ______ --> _______ |
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Pavlov about Stimulus -->Response Skinner about Behavior --> Consequence |
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| A type of learning in which the consequences of an organism's behavior determine whether it will be repeated in the future |
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| Response that is shaped by its consequences (either reinforcement or punishment) |
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| If behavior is followed by a satisfying state of affairs, it is more likely to be repeated then something that is followed by a unpleasant state of affairs |
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| Any event that strengthens the behavior that is follows; increase probability that we are going to see this behavior again |
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Positive Reinforcers Two types |
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Pleasant stimulus that strengthens behavior --> rewards (food, smile) Extrinsic and Intrinsic |
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Positive reinforcer from the outside (money, material objects)
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| Positive reinforcement from inside (do really well on exam, pride) |
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| Unpleasant stimulus that, when removed, will strengthen a behavior --> (pain, boredom) |
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| Any aversive event that weakens the behavior that it follows |
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| Effectiveness of Punishment |
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Reinforcement is more effective if -it has undesirable side effects -Punishment must be administered immediately after the response and each time behavior occurs -Punishment without explanation is not effective |
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Operant Chamber Skinner Box |
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Sound proof chamber used to shape behavior Everytime rat presses the bar a certain number of times food comes out, found out it can be reinforcing if you mix up the number of times the rat has press the bar |
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Fixed Interval Schedule (FI) |
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| An operant conditioning principle in which reinforcements are presented at fixed time periods, provided that the appropriate response is made |
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Variable Interval Schedule (VI) |
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An operant conditioning principle in which behavior is reinforced based on an average time that has expired since the last reinforcement Produce steady consistent responding because the time until the next reinforcement is unpredictable |
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Fixed Ratio Schedule (FR) |
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| An operant conditioning principle in which reinforcement is delievered after a specific number of responses have been made |
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Variable Ratio Schedule (VR) |
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| An operant conditioning principle in which the delivery of reinforcement is based on a particular average number of responses |
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| Intermittent Reinforcement |
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An operant conditioning principle in which only some of the responses made are followed by reinforcement This results in behaviors resisting extinction better than those maintained inder sontinuous response |
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"Bobo Doll" Take child into room to play with dollsm let them play then take them out saying it was for a "special child" instead, take them into observation room, woman goes into room and beats BoBo Doll, lets child back into room, makes a beeline for doll and starts beating it up |
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| Behaviors that are learned from imitation of other people's behavior |
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| Factors that influence Modeling |
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Tendency to model high status, competent powerful people Observers who lack status, skill and power are most likely to model behavior Children more than adults |
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Used variety of CS (visual, auditory, tactile, taste and smell) and some UCS (injection of toxic substance, radiation) that caused nausea and vomiting hours later Found no weak or no conditioning when CS was visual, auditory or tactile, but a strong aversion developed with stimuli that had distinct taste and smell |
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