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Definition
| studied cultural ecology-people as part of ecological environment |
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Term
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Definition
studied post glacial climate change:
anathermal interval 9000-7000(cooler and moist)
altithermal interval 7000-4500 (hotter and dry)
medithermal interval 4500-present (modern climate conditions) |
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Definition
excavated danger cave in utah 11,000bp archaic site
Desert culture concept- inferred was a wide spread culture that remained unchanged, but dismissed by 1970s |
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Definition
| late 60s & 70s defined archaic traditions in the southwest in a male dominated field |
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Term
| Four regional Archaic traditions of the Southwest |
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Definition
Pinto (western)
Oshara (northern
Cochise (southern)
Chihuahua (southeastern) |
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Term
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Definition
-defined Hohokam culture
-excavated many sites in the southwest |
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Definition
| excavated Casas Grandes, or Paquimé, located in northern Chihuahua the largest and arguably most complex site in the entire Southwest |
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Term
| Danger Cave (Jesse Jennings) |
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Definition
-archaic period GB
-wendover area Utah 11,000bp
-habitations site (base camp) on pluvial lake shore (bonneville)
-used over extended period of time(9000 years)
-deep deposits hearths, groundstone tools, basketry, netting, digging sticks |
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Term
| Hidden Cave (David Hurst Thomas) |
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Definition
-archaic period GB
-carson sink nevada (4000-2000 bp)
-cache site
-thousands of artifacts, no ash, debris, food refuse
-no evidence of domestic occupation
-storage pits complete & unbroken artifacts
-used for seasonal visits (fishing gear)
-food caches seeds
-rock lined latrine |
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Definition
| ethno H-G in times of starvation sort through human waste and pick out undigested seeds and consumable goods |
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Definition
-archaic period GB
-mojave desert california (4000-2500bp)
-ritual site
-rock art, proj.pts still attached to hafting device, tools to mix pigment, crystals, feathers(ritual assemblage)
-hunting ritual (one portion burned)
-split twig figurines (sympathetic magic) |
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Term
| lovelock cave (mike harrington) |
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Definition
-archaic period GB
-11 duck decoys, cache site duck hunting gear |
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Term
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Definition
-Tucson Basin Archaic site
-180 pithouses some overlapping built into eachother
-15%of the site had buriels
-buriels under houses human and domesticated animal |
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Term
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Definition
new mexico
-40 pihouses, storage in houses, extended family dwelling
-private storage, internal storage, shift in social organization |
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Term
| Snaketown (Emil W. Haury) |
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Definition
-largest and most well-know Hohokam site -This is a Preclassic site in the Phoenix Basin. -Peak population of 300-600 people.
- had two large ballcourts.
-The site is organized around a central plaza, which is ringed by eight platform mounds, and flanked on east and west by smaller plazas. |
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Term
| Casas Grandes (Paquimé) (Charles Di Peso) |
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Definition
-early A.D. 1200s – 1500
-the largest and arguably most complex site in the entire Southwest
-Mogollon
-There are more than 2,000 multi-story pueblo rooms constructed of adobe, arranged in several discrete roomblocks. Population probably exceeded 2000 people.
-public ritual architecture:18 earthen mounds, I-shaped ballcourts
-sophisticated water-delivery system and sewer system
-Ramos Polychrome, a type of pottery with red and black designs on a light yellow background |
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Term
| Plateau culture area—location |
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Definition
| inland of NW coast, BC canada, northwest us |
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Term
| Degree of social complexity in Plateau culture area |
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Definition
-settlement along rivers
-diverse subsistence base (fish,game,roots)
-complex fishing technology
-extensive regional linkages through trade &marriage(trade buffer tween groups)
-limited political integration
-relatively uniform religion, ritual, mythology, art |
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Term
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Definition
lakes that date to the pleistocene, but do not exist in that state currently
(Lahontan-Lake Humbolt, Bonneville-Great Salt Lake) |
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Term
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Definition
-a prehistoric pluvial lake that covered much of North America's Great Basin region
-With the change in climate, the lake began drying up, leaving Great Salt Lake, Utah Lake, Sevier Lake, Rush Lake, and Little Salt Lake as remnants |
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Term
| Advantages of cave sites for understanding prehistory |
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Definition
-time depth(examine change through time, develop cultural sequences, chronologies)
-Preservation in dry caves (perishable artifacts, ecofacts, reconstruct paleoenvironment) |
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Term
| Disadvantages of cave sites for understanding prehistory |
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Definition
- Incomplete picture of culture and settlement, subsistence system (seasonal use, or special function)
-reuse by both people and animals can disturb deposits |
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Term
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Definition
-can gain environmental info from
-fossilize in dry caves
-most material from certain radius around cave
-demonstrates that rodents are highly sensitive to environmental changes |
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Term
| Great Basin projectile points |
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Definition
-paulie wessner examined style vs. funtion
-symmetrical shape infers that they are meant to be aerodynamic
-different style groupings can give analogical and enthnographical knowledge
-men trading arrows, hafting/size carried social info/value
-can tell who made it from what group in which territory
-style could correspond with language groups |
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Term
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Definition
point goes through stages, manufacture>use>breakage>repair>reuse>discard/loss/abandonded
-depending on how break&repair, point can change style
-points may not appear now as they did when first manufactured |
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Term
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Definition
-proposed by Jesse D. Jennings
-based on ethnographic models
-persisted for thousands of years, a culture whose behavior could be interpreted by using the general patterns of pre-European behavior proposed by steward's pioneer work on Numic speakers in the basin
-eventually abandoned |
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Term
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Definition
-pre-archaic gb site
-11500-9000bp
-megafaunal bones in association with cultural material
- shows transition from mammoth to bison hunting
-ash layer from volcanic eruption 6900bp |
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Term
| fort rock cave (luther cressmen) |
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Definition
-pre-archaic site
-western pluvial lakes tradition
-sandals were found stratigraphically below ash 7000-6700bp
-was island in late pleistocene |
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Term
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Definition
-life like decoys made of tule reed, some even covered with fully feathered skins removed from real birds
-great preservation in dry caves |
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Definition
| -distinct from other GB cultures through adoption of maize agriculture |
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Term
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Definition
-maize agriculture
-plain gray ceramics-heavy(sedentary)
-basketry and moccasins(distinctive styles)
-Utah metates-grinding style with shelf(storage for mana when not in use)
-anthropomorphic art style-wearing ornamentation
-pithouse villages, surface rooms and storage pits |
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Term
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Definition
-shoshonean period(800/700 to ~250bp/contanct
-earlier dates west, later in east
-distinctive brownware pottery, mat. culture disconect with earlier GB culture
-fanlike distribution of numic language families eminating from SE cali
-material poorly made
-displace earlier people |
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Term
| Cultural definition of Southwest culture area |
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Definition
-maize/beans/squash agriculture
-absence of state-level gov., social classes, writing, urban centers, monumetal public arc. (traits defing Mesoam. Civ
-Pottery more sophisticated
-communities of muliti-room pueblos or dispersed rancherias, kivas,plaza |
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Term
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Definition
-rivers around which southwest cultures are gathered
-water used in irrigation |
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Definition
-a topographical and geological feature running across the U.S. state of Arizona.
-It was formed by erosion and faulting, and dramatic canyons have been cut into it |
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Term
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Definition
-runoff farming
-rainfalls on the top of slopes and the water runs off to lower topographical areas where fields are strategically places at the base |
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Term
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Definition
| -subterranial ritual structures modeled after pithouses |
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Definition
| used for grinding corn before it was cooked |
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Definition
-militaristic, recently adopted sedentism
-weapons for conflict
-pithouses |
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Term
| Ventana Cave (Emil Haury) |
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Definition
-deeply stratified
-emphasis on wild plants, evidence of cultivation
-3500bp evidence of maize&squash
-rising pop, diminished mobility, intensive use of land, conflict among groups |
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Term
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Definition
1100-900bc
-Tucson Basin Archaic site
-evidence of irrigation cannals |
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Term
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Definition
1700-1300bc
-Tucson Basin Archaic site
-not many pit houses, but lots of storage pits(as many as 200) |
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Term
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Definition
-Tucson Basin Archaic site
-early maize 400bc-150ad |
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Term
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Definition
terracing 1150bc
trincheras |
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Term
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Definition
-exceding carrying capacity>can't migrate>agriculture
-balance too much carbs(maize) with protien beans
-imported from mesoam |
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Term
| Climate factors affecting agriculture in the Southwest |
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Definition
-restrict growing season
-no steady rainfall>must try irrigation or dry farming
-supplement with H&G |
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Term
| Sedentism and population growth |
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Definition
-pop size grows with increased sedentism
-can raise children ultiple at once |
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Term
| Archaeological consequences of adoption of agriculture—features and artifacts |
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Definition
-evidence for residential stability(pithouses:more larger, more trash middens)
-increase in storage tech(pits, baskets, bags)
-mortuary elaboration:burials
-defensive posturing and evidence of violence |
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Term
| Locations in space of Hohokam |
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Definition
Desert Farmers of Southern
Arizona and Northern Mexico |
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Term
| Locations in space of Mogollon |
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Definition
Mountain Cultures of Arizona,
New Mexico, and Northern Mexico |
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Term
| Locations in space of Anasazi cultures |
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Definition
Ancestral Pueblo Farmers of the
Colorado Plateau |
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Term
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Definition
method of making pottery
-shaped using these tools
-know because of dimple marks only to the hohokam |
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Term
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Definition
method of making pottery
-roll clay into long strings and wrap them around
-then smooth away the ridges making a pot |
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Term
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Definition
-Preclassic period (AD 200-1150)
and Classic period (AD 1150-1400/1450?)
-sites vary in size and complexity, from small hamlets to massive aggregated communities with public ritual architecture, differentiated ritual and elite precincts. |
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Term
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Definition
practiced irrigation agriculture along major rivers, such as the Salt and Gila in the Phoenix Basin.
1. These were extensive, elaborate, and technologically sophisticated canal systems.
2. There is evidence for settlement hierarchy along canals, with larger sites having more control over canal systems and better access to water.
3. Using this technology, grew cotton as well as corns/beans/squash |
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Term
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Definition
-lived in wattle-and-daube (jacal) houses built around shallow pits, clustered in groups of 2-4 around a central courtyard
-distinguished by ballcourts and platform mounds as ritual features. |
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Term
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Definition
-originally referred to as the Red-on-buff culture, because typical pottery is buff (light brown) in color, sometimes with red designs (geometrics and life forms).
-It is formed by paddle-and-anvil technique. |
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Term
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Definition
-Ritual ballgame, of Mesoamerican derivation, was played with a small rubber ball.
-Ballcourts are more typical of the Preclassic period. |
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Term
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Definition
- may have originally served as elevated stages for ritual performances. They became more important in the Classic period.
- were sometimes enclosed within walls or pallisades, suggesting restricted access to rituals performed on them. In the Classic period, possible “elite” residential structures were built on top. |
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Term
| Mogollon culture architecture |
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Definition
-earliest sites were pithouse villages.
-By the early A.D. 1000s they began building above-ground stone masonry pueblos of a dozen or fewer contiguous rooms.
-ceremonial structures include subterranean kivas and great kivas—round at first, later rectangular. |
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Term
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Definition
-includes brown-colored cooking vessels and, later, spectacular polychrome pottery.
-It was constructed by the coil-and-scrape technique. |
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Term
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Definition
-centered on the Rio Mimbres and its tributaries in southwestern New Mexico, is most well known for its iconic black-on-white pottery.
-pottery reflects the sudden appearance of an unprecedented, representational design style in ceramic decoration, including stylized renderings of animals, people, and mythical creatures, primarily on the interiors of bowls
-large villages 50-200 rooms were constructed |
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Term
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Definition
-Casas Grandes site
-a type of pottery with red and black designs on a light yellow background. -Some of the more striking examples are effigy forms with likely ceremonial significance |
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Term
| Macaw and turkey raising at Casas Grandes (Paquimé) |
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Definition
-found remains of more than 500 scarlet and military macaws. These birds are native to Mexico, coming from southern Sonora and Chihuahua and the Gulf Coast.
-People at Casas Grandes were breeding these birds for trade. There are adobe macaw pens—breeding and nesting boxes—with stone-pluggedentrances in several plazas at the site. Eggshells and juvenile birds provide direct evidence for breeding. They also bred turkeys.
-Turkeys and macaws would have been valued for their feathers, used primarily for ritual. Across the Southwest, these birds were probably killed as sacrifices, and most were buried intact. |
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Term
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Definition
-anasazi
-multi-story pueblos |
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Term
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Definition
| -multistory pueblos of the anasazi |
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