Term
| what is the function of nerves? |
|
Definition
| send neurotransmitters and release to produce effects |
|
|
Term
| sympathetic stimulation at the beginning of exercise results in? |
|
Definition
increase HR and contractility
vasoconstriction |
|
|
Term
| how does the skeletal muscle pump increase blood flow?? |
|
Definition
| facilitates venous return by each contraction of the muscle, the blood is pushed up. there are valves that keep the blood from falling |
|
|
Term
| T/F sympathetic tone is greater at rest than in exercise. |
|
Definition
false
parasympathetic tone |
|
|
Term
| how does the heart know how hard to pump? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what stimulates type 3 afferents? |
|
Definition
| muscle contraction and stretch |
|
|
Term
| do what type 3 afferents do? |
|
Definition
| signal from the muscle to the cardiovascular center in the brain to increase blood flow |
|
|
Term
| why when you lift heavy your heart rate is so high? |
|
Definition
| type 3 afferents are firing and sending signals to the cardiovascular center in the brain to increase heart rate. |
|
|
Term
| explain the pump. what does this increase over time? |
|
Definition
lifting for an hour or so, increase in blood flow to the working muscle
over time this will increase sheer stress in the working muscles |
|
|
Term
| what does sheer stress produce? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F the muscle monitor their own blood flow. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why does K+ levels increase during exercise? |
|
Definition
| when the muscle is stimulated and contracted, lots of K+ rushes out of the cell, then it is taken back in to produce the contracted. this in and out process is repeated over and over, which results in spillage of K+ |
|
|
Term
| explain the two important ways metabolites effect blood flow. |
|
Definition
central: type 4 afferents increase HR, BP which increases blood flow
locally: cause vasodilation to the blood vessels of the working muscles |
|
|
Term
| T/F metabolic activity dictates where the blood flow is going to. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what role does the hypothalamus play in the cardiovascular control during exercise? |
|
Definition
| stimulated by the increase in body temperature, which causes an increase in blood flow to the skin to dissipate heat |
|
|
Term
| what is good/bad about the hypothalamus redirecting blood flow to the skin? |
|
Definition
good: works as a radiator to keep body temperature low
bad: not effective in hot/humid climates and there is less blood flow to the work muscle |
|
|
Term
| T/F as exercise increases, there is a decrease in the activity of the Type 3 and 4 muscle afferents. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| explain the statement: as exercise progresses, signals from the central command, CVC, hypothalamus, baroreceptors, chemoreceptors, and muscle afferents are balanced. |
|
Definition
| during exercise the body makes sure that the blood flow is exactly matched to its needs, that no more or no less is distributed where is does not need to be. |
|
|
Term
| what is the autonomic nervous system regulation during exercise? |
|
Definition
| efferent regulation from the central nervous system to the heart and muscle |
|
|
Term
what are the effects of the parasympathetic nervous system?
when is it dominant? |
|
Definition
decrease HR, contractility, and blood flow to active muscle and heart, and cardiac output
rest |
|
|
Term
| what is the neurotransmitter for the parasympathetic nervous system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F for one neurotransmitter, you get millions of metabolic cascades. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the neurotransmitter for the sympathetic nervous system? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do you need both of at the onset of exercise in order to compete with the stress from exercise? |
|
Definition
| parasympathetic removal and input from the sympathetic nervous system |
|
|
Term
| what is the cause of ventricular fibrillation? |
|
Definition
| autonomic nervous system imbalance |
|
|
Term
| if you were exercising on an arm ergometer compared to a treadmill, how much higher would your heart rate be? why? |
|
Definition
| 10-15 beats higher because you do not have the benefit of the skeletal muscle pump |
|
|
Term
| what is the action of the baroreceptors? |
|
Definition
| monitor stretch of the carotid artery to monitor blood pressure |
|
|
Term
| T/F the baroreceptors reset at the onset of exercise. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when you are moving around, what must happen to ensure that you do not faint? |
|
Definition
venous return must equal cardiac output
baroreceptors sense change and increase the sympathetic activity to increase heart rate and blood pressure |
|
|
Term
| what does isometric training challenge? and by this who is it not good for? |
|
Definition
| baroreceptors and not good for older individuals |
|
|
Term
| how does your body cool itself? |
|
Definition
conduction
convection
radiation
evaptoration |
|
|
Term
| explain how the body cools itself through evaporation. |
|
Definition
| as water evaporates it cools, when you bring the blood flow to the surface the blood cools and keeps you cool |
|
|
Term
| what is a sign of heat exhaustion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the actions of the sympathetic nervous system at the onset of exercise? |
|
Definition
increase HR, contractility
decreases blood flow to the gut, kidneys, skin, muscle to increase BP
increases coronary blood flow |
|
|
Term
| what is the purpose of the release of catecholamines? |
|
Definition
| for energy and to burn fuel and increase HR and contractility |
|
|
Term
| what is the action of norepinephrine? |
|
Definition
| mobilizes FFA for fat metabolism |
|
|
Term
| what is the action of epinephrine? |
|
Definition
| important for the utilization of glucose |
|
|
Term
| what are metaboreceptors sensitive to? what is their action? |
|
Definition
are sensitive to the increases in CO2, acidity and other metabolites produced during exercise
they send signals to the CV control center and increase BP and contractility |
|
|
Term
| what is the action of the metabolites during exercise? |
|
Definition
| dominant regulators of muscle blood flow via their effect on vascular smooth muscle |
|
|
Term
| what is NO action during exercise? |
|
Definition
| doesn't do anything, but it is very important after exercise |
|
|
Term
what are baroreceptors and cardiac mechanoreceptors?
what is their action during exercise? |
|
Definition
stretch receptors sensitive to blood pressure changes in the cardiovascular system
prevent excessive blood pressure response |
|
|
Term
| what are the 8 factors that affect cardiac output? |
|
Definition
preload
afterload
contractility
heart rate
synergy of contraction
distensibility of ventricles
exercise training
coronary blood flow |
|
|
Term
| what is another name for preload? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the amount of blood returning to the heart |
|
|
Term
| what is the Frank-Strarling Principle? |
|
Definition
| the amount of blood pumped from the heart is directly dependent on the amount of blood received or returned to the heart |
|
|
Term
| what determines blood flow and cardiac output? |
|
Definition
preload->
afterload-> STROKE VOLUME
contractility ->
HR-> |
|
|
Term
| T/F increase preload -> increase SV -> increase cardiac output and blood flow. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the determinants of preload? |
|
Definition
cardiac output
posture
blood volume
skeletal muscle pump
intrathoracic pressure
medications |
|
|
Term
| how does cardiac output affect preload? |
|
Definition
| the amount of blood returning to the heart is also dependent on the amount pumped by the heart |
|
|
Term
| what if the heart is pumping really fast, but there is no blood flow? but what about during exercise? |
|
Definition
the ventricles don't have enough time to fill
but during exercise, the same happens but the vessels constrict to increase BP |
|
|
Term
how does posture affect preload?
what position will increase venous return? |
|
Definition
the blood returning to the heart has to work against gravity
supine |
|
|
Term
| T/F when exercising in the supine position preload is near maximal levels. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does blood flow affect preload? |
|
Definition
| decreasing blood volume will decrease cardiac output, decreasing preload. |
|
|
Term
| T/F blood volume increases with age. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F training in the heat reduces blood volume due to sweat loss, but training increases blood volume. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does the skeletal muscle pump affect preload? |
|
Definition
| contraction of the skeletal muscle pumps blood through the veins |
|
|
Term
| how does intrathoracic pressure affect preload? |
|
Definition
| the movement of the chest associated with the increase ventilation during exercise facilitates venous return |
|
|
Term
| how do medications affect preload? |
|
Definition
| nitrates decrease venous return |
|
|
Term
| what is the #1 determinant of venous return? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the pressure that the left ventricle must overcome to pump blood through the arteries |
|
|
Term
| what are the determinants of after load? |
|
Definition
sympathetic/parasympathetic input
muscle contractions
vascular function
medications |
|
|
Term
| how does sympathetic/parasympathetic input affect after load? |
|
Definition
| increase sympathetic input increase after load |
|
|
Term
| how does muscle contraction affect after load? |
|
Definition
| the harder the active muscles contract, the greater the mechanical pressure they exert on the blood vessels, the heart must work harder to overcome this pressure |
|
|
Term
| T/F the harder the muscle contracts on the arteriole side decreases pressure. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the pressor reflex? |
|
Definition
| type 3 and 4 afferents signal to the CVC in the brain to increase heart rate and contractility |
|
|
Term
| what is driving pressure? |
|
Definition
| pushing the blood through the muscles |
|
|
Term
| how does vascular function affect after load? |
|
Definition
| the ability of the vessel to constrict of dilate. |
|
|
Term
| a healthy blood vessel favors? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does blood pressure affect after load? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ability of the heart to productive force |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| trainable and able to produce force |
|
|
Term
| what factors affect contractility? |
|
Definition
condition of the myocardium
medications
length-tension relation |
|
|
Term
| when can you see a decrease in myocardial health? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does the condition of the myocardium affect contractility? |
|
Definition
| the hearts ability to produce a force to increase blood flow |
|
|
Term
| what does the heart use to produce force? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how do medications affect contractility? |
|
Definition
| beta blockers and calcium channel blockers can reduce the stress on the heart by reducing contractility |
|
|
Term
| what is the length-tension relation? |
|
Definition
| the force of contraction produced by cardiac muscle increases continually as it is stretched |
|
|
Term
| of the length tension relation, where do you produce the most force? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| of the length tension relation, what does it state? |
|
Definition
| where you have more cross bridges, you'll produce the most force |
|
|
Term
| how does cardiac muscle work? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how do you stretch the myocardium? |
|
Definition
preload
ventricles stretch more with more forceful contraction |
|
|
Term
| the length tension produced is directly proportional to what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how would you know if there was a decline in stroke volume? |
|
Definition
| blood pressure would drop |
|
|
Term
| how does preload affect the length-tension relation? |
|
Definition
| the more blood into the ventricles causes them to stretch more which in turn causes more force |
|
|
Term
| what nerves stimulate the heart to beat harder and faster? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what factors affect heart rate? |
|
Definition
sympathetic/ parasympathetic
medications |
|
|
Term
| what are the big four that Frank-Starling thought to be the main factors affecting cardiac output during exercise? |
|
Definition
preload
afterload
contractility
heart rate |
|
|
Term
| what is synergy of contraction? |
|
Definition
| the four chambers of the heart need to work together and be in timing with each other |
|
|
Term
| what is the cause of an arrhythmia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is dispensability of the ventricles? |
|
Definition
| how compliant are the major chambers of the heart? |
|
|
Term
| what is the equation for compliance? |
|
Definition
| change in volume over the change in pressure |
|
|
Term
| what happens to the hearts compliance with age? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| explain the ischemic cascade. |
|
Definition
1)loss of compliance and diastolic dysfunction
2)loss of contractility and systolic dysfunction
3)changes in ECG
4)anging, MI, or Sudden Cardiac Death |
|
|
Term
| what central adaptations are made with exercise training? |
|
Definition
increase in the size of the left ventricle
increase blood volume
increase myocardial contractility and possibly compliance |
|
|
Term
| T/F exercise training has been shown to increase the size of the myocardium of the left ventricle. |
|
Definition
false
increase the size of the chamber not the myocardium |
|
|
Term
| T/F there is medicine that can mimic the effects that exercise has on the body. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is rate pressure product? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| people with better heart function have a high/low RPP? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F the higher the RPP an individual can generate, the greater the work capacity of the heart. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F the chest pain that occurs in persons with CVD will never occur at the same RPP. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in terms of RPP, what indicates the point where the blood supply to the heart cannot meet the demands of the activity. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when is the pressor reflex present? |
|
Definition
| all the time during aerobic and anaerobic exercise |
|
|
Term
| describe blood flow at rest. |
|
Definition
mostly to the liver and kidneys
2/3 spent on the venous side
5L/min=Q |
|
|
Term
| describe blood flow during exercise. |
|
Definition
80% to the working muscles
25L/min=Q
1/2 venous/ 1/2 arteriole |
|
|
Term
| what happens to ensure that the muscles get the most blood during exercise? |
|
Definition
| blood vessels dilate and constricting in the rest of the body |
|
|
Term
| what happens to the overall resistance during exercise? |
|
Definition
| decreases because the vasodilation in the muscles is so dramatic |
|
|
Term
| describe the change in blood flow during exercise is relative/absolute. why? |
|
Definition
| relative, the organs of the body receive the same amount of blood at rest;however the amount of blood being pumped in the body each minute causes the extra blood flow to be pushed to the working muscles |
|
|
Term
define lactate threshold.
dr. zoeller's definition? |
|
Definition
the highest VO2 that can be attained during incremental exercise before an accumulation in blood lactate occurs
the point prior to a non-linear increase in blood lactate |
|
|
Term
| what is lactic acid a byproduct of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F anaerobic athletes should be able to last longer before accumulating lactic acid. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is coyle's definition of lactate threshold.? |
|
Definition
| the point prior to a 1mmol increase in blood lactate |
|
|
Term
| up until the lactate threshold is reached the body is in homeostasis, what happens when LT is reached? |
|
Definition
| lactic acid production exceeds removal |
|
|
Term
how is LT usually expressed?
what other ways can it be expressed? |
|
Definition
as a percent of VO2
watts or HR |
|
|
Term
does it make a difference of how long the stages are during a LT test?
what is the optimal stage length? |
|
Definition
yes there is a time delay, too short will not show and increase in blood lactate, but too long will allow for too much increase.
3 minutes |
|
|
Term
| explain an intermittent protocol. |
|
Definition
| when the LT test is done, one stage completed and then the protocol is stopped to allow for blood to be taken, the the subject goes on to the next stage |
|
|
Term
| what is the goldielocks principle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what can aid in the removal of blood lactate? |
|
Definition
| light exercise allows for the consumption of lactic acid by the body |
|
|
Term
| what enzyme converts pyruvate to lactic acid? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe Phase 1 of a LT test. |
|
Definition
low intensity exercise
type 1 fibers are primarily used
FFA are primary fuel
ATP is relatively high and so is citrate
inhibition of PFK=less glycogen=less lactate production |
|
|
Term
| describe Phase 2 of a LT test. |
|
Definition
moderate intensity exercise
increase recruitment of Type 2 fibers
decreased ATP and citrate
increased sympathetic activity |
|
|
Term
| what phase does the LT occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what fibers are more anaerobic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe Phase 3 of a LT test. |
|
Definition
high intensity exercise
increased recruitment of type 2 fibers
further decrease in ATP and citrate
lactic acid production exceeds removal
possible hypoxia |
|
|
Term
| when ATP and citrate are high what is inhibited? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
if training is working, what affects would it have on lactic acid?
low-intensities usually what?
high-intensities usually what? |
|
Definition
either clearance is better or the body is producing less
low-producing less
high-clearance better |
|
|
Term
| which direction do you want the LT graph shift? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F you want to see a shift in the LT graph to the left. |
|
Definition
false
to the right and down |
|
|
Term
| what causes ventilation to increase? |
|
Definition
| the increase in CO2 in the blood caused by the increase in lactic acid |
|
|
Term
| what causes the second ventilatory threshold? |
|
Definition
| drop in pH detected by the chemoreceptors in the carotid artery |
|
|
Term
| what happens has bicarbonate decreases? |
|
Definition
| there is a decrease in pH that is picked up by the peripheral chemoreceptors, which send signals the respiratory center in the brain stem causing an increase in ventilation |
|
|
Term
| when does the second break point occur? |
|
Definition
90% VO2max
~4mmol blood lactate |
|
|
Term
what is the fight or flight response?
when does it occur? |
|
Definition
BP, HR and vasoconstriction are all elevated even before anything happens
when confronting a serious stress |
|
|
Term
| the skeletal muscle pump help venous return through muscle contraction, what happens on the arteriole side? |
|
Definition
| muscle contraction impedes blood flow and increases blood pressure |
|
|
Term
| where does adenosine come from as a byproduct? |
|
Definition
| as the RBCs circulate through, more blood circulating causes the release of adenosine |
|
|
Term
| where is the cardiovascular center in the brain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F the muscles regulate their blood flow, if true how? |
|
Definition
true
by the pressor reflex, type 3 and 4 afferents send signals to the brain that cause vasodilation of the vessels to the working muscles |
|
|
Term
| what brain structure controls thermoregulation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the first thing to increase when beginning and exercise training program? |
|
Definition
|
|
