Term
|
Definition
| people who are "born criminal" are less developed than everyone else |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Uniform society, self-sustainable group |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A society in motion, distinct and specialized jobs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| crime is determined by a number of factors; emphasizes mind and body of the criminal; denies free will of individual. Other factors than free will causes delinquency, such as the environment and biology |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the idea that crime is normal and serves a purpose. Crime is a way to see where social norms are |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the study of a person and the physical space in which they live in.
an interdisciplinary study of the relationship b/t HUMANS and their natural, social, and built ENVIRONMENTS. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| characterized by long and thin muscles/limbs and low fat storage; usually referred to as slim. Ectomorphs are not predisposed to store fat or build muscle. Usually corresponds to timid personality |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| characterized by medium bones, solid torso, low fat levels, wide shoulders with a narrow waist; usually referred to as muscular. Mesomorphs are predisposed to build muscle but not store fat |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| characterized by increased fat storage, a wide waist and a large bone structure, usually referred to as fat. Endomorphs are predisposed to storing fat. Usually corresponds to jolly personality (Santa Clause) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| heavy chest, predominance of muscle, motor organs, large wrists and hands |
|
|
Term
| Corresponding temperament |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Zone 2 (the zone of transition) |
|
Definition
| characterized by slums, poverty, and immigration. Its very heterogeneous. (Shaw & McKay) With people moving in and out of the area, it was hypothesized that it led to social disorganization. |
|
|
Term
| Ethnic heterogeneity (Pratt and Cullen) |
|
Definition
| completed comprehensive meta-analytic review of the existing research on social disorganization theory. They noted a difficulty in assessing this theory, that most research has examined the structural causes of SD (social disorganization): poverty, racial and ethnic heterogeneity, residential mobility, urbanism, structural density, family disruption etc but not social disorganization directly. |
|
|
Term
| Collective efficacy (Sampson) |
|
Definition
1)this represents the willingness of community residents to exercise informal social control and trust/ help one another
2)¼ classifications of neo Chicago school (what does that mean?) - I think this means that there are 3 other classifications of neo Chicago school. The other three are: social ties and interactions, institutional resources, and routine activities
3)The willingness of residents to intervene in stopping delinquent and criminal behavior demonstrates community cohesio |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mental aspect of the crime |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Determinism (also, crime as overdetermined) |
|
Definition
American history-> social Darwinism-> biological determinism
is when someone is pre-destined to be a criminal, like a “born criminal”. Based largely on physical features;
sloping forehead, shoulders, ear placement, skull size, arms/legs, jaw length etc--theorized that people with particular physical attributes (degenerative evolutionary features something that of an Ape) have greater propensity for criminality. |
|
|
Term
| 4 elements of social control theory |
|
Definition
Attachment-emotional affective bond, psychological presence,
being attached to parents will make you not want to upset them by committing a crime
Commitment- rational component, consequences, those with nothing to lose can deviate
you are invested in something so you don’t want to commit a crime
Involvement: idle hands, weakest element
Belief- it is the moral worth of societies laws
if you believe in the laws of society or the rules, you are more likely to obey them
sociological belief(passive acceptance) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the inability to delay gratification, people will be more likely to commit crime
Gottfredson & Hirschi- A General Theory of Crime (1990)
said only determinant on crime is lack of self control
locus of control moved from external relationships to an internal mechanism
self control is establish in childhood through parental socilization
it remains stable until age of 8 until death |
|
|
Term
| Elements of low self control |
|
Definition
Here and now orientation: impulsive
Lack of diligence, tenacity or persistence; short sighted
Unstable relationships
Self centered, indifferent, insensitive to suffering, unkind and antisocial
Tend to pursue immediate pleasures
Minimal tolerance for frustration
Little ability to respond to conflict through verbal rather than physical means |
|
|
Term
| Neutralization and drift (common neutralizations) |
|
Definition
The moral effect of the law must be made inert; it has an effect in defining right/wrong
Once this is accomplished individuals can engage in delinquency and crime unencumbered (i.e drift: anything that comes along can affect them)
This helps an offender maintain a law abiding identity despite having violate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
allows the possibility of delinquency
Proposed that people used neutralization to drift in and out of conventional behaviour, taking a temporary break from moral restraints in observing that;
Delinquents express guilt over their criminal acts
Delinquents often respect law-abiding individuals
A line is drawn between those they can victimize and those they can not
Delinquents are not immune to the demands of conforming
Matza: delinquent’s weren’t more committed to their acts than to conventional enterprises but their delinquency was a matter of drift facilitated by the existence of a subterranean convergence between their own techniques of neutralization and certain ideologies of the authorities who represented the official moral order.
For Matza, triggering factors for delinquency consisted of both preparation and desperation. Prep involved a person figuring out that an infraction could be pulled off by themselves and the fear could be manage |
|
|
Term
| Moffitt's Developmental Taxonomy- Life course persistent (LCP) |
|
Definition
Small portion of population, about five percent
Offenders begin early
Defined by *continuity* underlying antisocial propensity, evident throughout a lifetime, biting at four, stealing at 10, selling drugs at 16, robbing at 20, fraud at 30
This trait produced by neuropsychological deficits encountered pre and post natal
Exposure to drugs, poor stimulation, injury poor nutrition, low birth weight
This produces temperamental deficits carried throughout life
Parents are poor, poorly equipped to handle these issues and become ensnared in criminal lifestyle |
|
|
Term
| Moffitt’s Developmental Taxonomy-Adolescent limited (AL) |
|
Definition
Large portion, focus on *discontinuity* in behavior
Maturity gap (difference between biological and sociological maturity) creates incentive to engage in delinquency
Social mimicry results (AL’s follow LCP’s). ALs age out when opportunities open and consequences grow
ALs commit delinquency in groups, LCPs tend to act alone
Those who refrain from delinquency either
didn’t feel a maturity gap
lacked delinquent role models |
|
|
Term
| Adoption and twin studies |
|
Definition
Monozygotic (identical) twins = 100% of genes shared
Dizygotic (fraternal) twins = 50% of genes shared
General findings: there is a correspondence between genes and criminality
Adoption studies: adopted shortly after birth, controls for the nature issue
General findings, in terms of correlations with criminality from weak to strong, has produced the
Just adoptive father criminal (has the least impact)
Just biological father criminal (has more of an impact) ← What does this section mean? (Means that if both adoptive and biological fathers are criminals, the child has the greatest chance of being a criminal. There is more of a chance of the kid being a criminal if just the biological father is a criminal. And least chance of the kid being a criminal if only the adoptive father is a criminal.)
If both fathers are criminal then the child has the greatest chance of becoming a criminal. |
|
|
Term
| Control theory assumptions about criminal motive |
|
Definition
Control theory, however, argues that we are all predisposed toward crime
the ONLY determinant on crime is a lack of self-control
self control is established in childhood through parental socialization and remains stable from age 8 to death ( it is an enduring trait |
|
|
Term
| Turning points and trajectories |
|
Definition
Life Course Theory
Continuity (trajectories) and change (turning points)
Marriage, school, work, military areg points) across the life course
Often referred to an age-graded social control institutions that provide turning points
Examples of trajectories? continuity of crime across the life course
biting at age 4, then stealing at age 10, selling drugs at 16, robbing at 20, fraud at 30 (continuous cycle of deviance)
Trajectories are things that keep criminal behavior constant...such as deviance amongst peers or constant social media exposure to deviant behavior |
|
|
Term
| Moffitt's Developmental Taxonomy- Life course persistent |
|
Definition
Small portion of population, about five percent
Offenders begin early
Defined by continuity underlying antisocial propensity, evident throughout a lifetime, biting at four, stealing at 10, selling drugs at 16, robbing at 20, fraud at 30
This trait produced by neuropsychological deficits encountered pre and post natal
Exposure to drugs, poor stimulation, injury poor nutrition, low birth weight
This produces temperamental deficits carried throughout life
Parents are poor poorly equipped to handle these issues and become ensnared in criminal lifestyles |
|
|
Term
| Moffitt’s Developmental Taxonomy-Adolescent limited |
|
Definition
Large portion, focus on discontinuity in behavior
Maturity gap (difference between biological and sociological maturity) creates incentive to engage in delinquency
Social mimicry results (AL’s follow LCP’s). ALs age out when opportunities open and consequences grow
· ALs commit delinquency in groups, LCPs tend to act alone
· Those who refrain from delinquency either
o didn’t feel a maturity gap
o lacked delinquent role models |
|
|
Term
| Control theory assumptions about criminal motive |
|
Definition
| Control theory, however, argues that we are all predisposed toward crime |
|
|
