Term
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Definition
-Every organism is made up of at least one cell
-The smallest organisms are unicellular, and cells are the functional units of multicellular organisms
-All cells arise from preexisting cells; this means that cells are the basic units of life |
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Term
| Most cells range in size from about: |
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Definition
| -1 to 100 micrometers (millionths of a meter) in diameter |
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Term
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Definition
| -Molecules dissolved in fluids disperse from regions where their concentration is higher to regions where their concentration is lower |
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Term
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Definition
-helps to isolate the
cell’s contents. |
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Term
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Definition
-All the fluid and structures inside the plasma membrane but outside the nucleus
Site of most biochemical reactions that support life |
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Term
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Definition
Fluid portion of cytoplasm
Water, salts, organic molecules |
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Term
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Definition
-Protein filaments
Assists in support, transport, shape, locomotion, cell division |
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Term
| Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA): |
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Definition
-All cells
-Hereditary blueprint
-Gene segments
-Store information
-Construction of proteins
-Production of new cells |
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Term
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Definition
-Chemically similar to DNA
-Copies genes
-Helps construct proteins
-On ribosomes
-Cellular workbenches of specialized RNA
-Ribosomal RNA |
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Term
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Definition
Unicellular
Relatively simple internal structure
Not compartmentalized like eukaryotic cells
On average, 100x smaller than eukaryotic cells |
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Term
Domain Archaea
Many Archaea are extremophilic
None are known to cause disease
Domain Bacteria
Even more diverse/ describes: |
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Definition
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Term
| Prokaryote shapes include: |
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Definition
| -rod-shaped bacilli, spiral-shaped spirilla, and spherical cocci |
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Term
| Prokaryotic cells have specialized surface features: |
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Definition
-Nearly all have a cell wall
Stiff protective coating
Contains peptidoglycan in bacteria
Some produce adhesive capsules, slime layers, and/or attachment pili
Many form sex pili for transfer of plasmids
Some feature flagella for propulsion |
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Term
| Prokaryotic cells have specialized cytoplasmic structures such as: |
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Definition
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Term
Cytoskeleton proteins
Can alter cell shape
By: |
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Definition
shortening, lengthening, or sliding past each other
Requires energy (ATP) |
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Term
| Cilia and eukaryotic flagella: |
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Definition
Beating hair-like structures
Coated in plasma membrane
Supported and moved by cytoskeletal and motor proteins |
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Term
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Definition
Beat in unison, like oars
Shorter and more numerous than flagella |
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Term
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Definition
Rotate in a corkscrew motion, like a propeller
When present, there are usually one or two |
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Term
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Definition
Rotate in a corkscrew motion, like a propeller
When present, there are usually one or two |
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Term
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Definition
Large organelle
Houses DNA
Three major parts
Nuclear envelope
Chromatin
Nucleolus |
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Term
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Definition
Large organelle
Houses DNA
Three major parts
Nuclear envelope
Chromatin
Nucleolus |
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Term
| Endoplasmic reticulum (ER): |
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Definition
Labyrinth of narrow channels forming interconnected sacs and tubules
Typically makes up at least 50% of the total cellular membrane
Important in the synthesis, modification, and transport of molecules
Has both rough and smooth membranes, continuous with each other |
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Term
| Golgi apparatus (or simply Golgi): |
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Definition
Flattened, interconnected sacs
Gives final touches to synthates
Sorting
Mailing labels
Placement into vesicles
Vesicles from the rough ER fuse with “receiving” face; vesicles carrying final product bud off “shipping” face |
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Term
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Definition
-in plant cells
Large
Involved in osmoregulation, storage, concentration of pigments, turgor pressure |
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Term
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Definition
-Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved from prokaryotic bacteria roughly 1.7 billion years ago
-Prokaryotes gained entry into other prokaryotes without being digested and, over time, became interdependent and inseparable |
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Term
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Definition
All eukaryotic cells contain mitochondria
“Powerhouses” of the cell
Store energy from food molecules in bonds of ATP |
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Term
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Definition
Sites of photosynthesis
Contain chlorophyll
Light-capturing pigment
Energy is used to drive synthesis of sugar from CO2 and water |
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Term
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Definition
-Synthesize and/or store pigments or --
-food molecules
-Fruit color
-Flower color
-Starch
-Lipids
-Only found in plants and photosynthetic protists |
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