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| Begins with conception and lasts until the zygote becomes implanted in the uterine wall. Rapid cell division takes place. |
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| Following implantation, major development occurs in all the organs and systems of the body. Development takes place through the processes of cell division, cell migration, cell differentiation, and cell death, as well as hormonal influences. |
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| Continued development of physical structures and rapid growth of the body. Increasing levels of behavior, sensory experience, and learning. |
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| children construct knowledge for themselves |
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| View of children’s nature |
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Active
Learning many important lessons on their own
Intrinsically motivated to learn
Like “little scientists |
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Worked with Alfred Binet on his intelligence tests
Interested in how young children consistently gave wrong answers to questions that older children got right
Gave them tasks and asked semi-structured questions
How children learn – interacting with their environment, making hypotheses, testing them physically in the world
Children are active contributors to their own knowledge
Schemes – how we mentally represent the world, children’s concepts of the world, organization of experience |
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| - An object exists even when we cannot see it |
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| The tendency to perceive the world solely from one’s own point of view |
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| The idea that merely changing the appearance of objects does not change their key properties |
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| Formal operational (11 years to adulthood, can reason about abstract concepts, and understand ethics and scientific reasoning) |
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- Reared monkeys with cloth and wire mothers and tested the bond: (Put them in novel and frightening situations)
• As result, Contact comfort seemed to be essential to developing attachment. Monkeys raised with only wire mother did not interact with other monkeys normally.
• Mary Ainsworth followed up by focusing on finding empirical support for attachment theory in humans. She concluded that parental sensitivity to infant signals was key to attachment development. (Responding to crying, feeding, providing face-to face interactions, letting babies engage in exploration, approaching babies frequently and showing affection.)
-In strange situation experiment, a child was exposed to seven episodes, including two separations and reunions with the caregiver and interaction with a stranger when alone and when the caregiver is in the room in order to identify the type of attachment children have: (secure, insecure /resistant/ambivalent, avoidant attachment) |
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Term
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| Infant has a high- quality, relatively un-ambivalent relationship with his or her attachment figure. This mean that in strange situation, she or he may be upset when the caregiver leaves but will be happy to see the caregiver return, recovers quickly from any distress.The child may be upset when the mother departs but is also happy to see the mother return. |
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| • Insecure/Resistant/Ambivalent Attachment |
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Definition
| Infant is clingy and stays close to their caregiver rather than explore the environment. This mean that in strange situation, the baby tend to become very upset when the caregiver leaves him or her alone in the room. Baby is not readily comforted by strangers. When the caregiver returns, they are not easily comforted and both seek comfort and resist efforts by the caregiver to comfort them. |
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| Infants seem somewhat indifferent toward their caregiver and may even avoid the caregiver. This mean that in strange situation, infants seem indifferent toward their caregiver beforethe caregiver leaves the room and indifferent or avoidant when the caregiver returns. If these children become upset when left alone, they are easily comforted by a stranger as by the caregiver. This type of attachment is also called disorganize attachment. |
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| • Authoritarian parents – |
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Definition
Are demanding but not supportive.Boys - hostile and defiant
Girls – low in independence
As adolescents – conforming and obedient but lower self-esteem and self-reliance |
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| Parents who attempt to direct their children's activities in a rational and intelligent way and are supportive, loving, and committedChild outcomes: Self-reliance and independence, high self-esteem, high levels of activity and exploratory behavior, social competence, motivated to achieve and do well in school |
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| on the other hand, tend to make few demands and give little punishment, but they are responsive in the sense of that they generally allow their children to make their own rules.Child outcomes: demanding, sometimes rebellious, uninhibited |
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| • Rejecting—neglecting parents are undemanding and unresponsive overall |
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Definition
| neglecting parents are undemanding and unresponsive overall |
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| is functioning at an optimal level. It is the summation or the balance of all biochemical reaction in our body. Hypothalamus is the main brain system involved. (4 F’s): fight, flight feed and f |
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| The nonspecific response of the body to any demand for change. It also refers to the physiological responses that occur when and organism fails to respond appropriately to emotional or physical threats |
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| • Traumatic stress or Extreme negative stress – |
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| War, Natural disasters Crimes |
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Our everyday interactions with the environment that are essentially negative
stuck in traffic, sleep through alarm, put on hold on phone, coffee line is too long |
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Definition
| Presentation of professional job, Professional school interview |
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| examples of physiological implications of chronic stress |
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Definition
| Ulcers (indirectly), impaired immune function, cardiovascular disease kill brain cells, increase weight gain, alter chromosomes |
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| Ignorance, avoidance, substance abuse |
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Definition
| communication & affiliation with others, journaling, , adjust your perspective, emotion regulation |
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Term
| difference between problems versus emotion-focused coping |
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Definition
• Problem-focused coping: Reducing or eliminating the cause of a stressor
• Emotion-focused coping: Managing your emotional reaction to a stressor. |
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Term
| • Maslow used the terms : |
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Definition
| Physiological, Safety, Belongingness and Love, Esteem, Self-Actualization and Self-Transcendence need to describe the pattern that human motivations generally move through. |
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Definition
| If you experience the fear and arousal at the same time- heart pounding and the fear, your experiences are consistent with the Cannon-Bard Theory. |
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| According to the James –Lange theory of emotion, our experience of an emotion is the result of the arousal that we experience. The emotion depends on the arousal. The fear does not occur along with the racing heart but occurs because of the racing heart. (Page 151) |
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| Arousal is present in every emotion, but our COGNITIVE INTERPRETATION OF the arousal/emotion changes. For example “I feel nervous and sweaty around my crush and when the teacher catches me on Facebook in class.” (Lecture slide 11) |
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| 6 basic/primary human emotions |
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Definition
| Happy, Angry, Disgusted, Afraid, Surprised, Sad, (HADASS |
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| There are 6 basic or primary emotions, they are evolutionarily wired, culturally universal and they are all controlled from |
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Definition
| thalamus to amygdala- “Fast” |
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Term
| brain structures associated secondary emotions |
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Definition
| • Secondary emotions are reaction to primary emotions, cognitive appraisal. It is “Slower “ and controlled by thalamus, frontal lobe, and amygdala. |
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Definition
| Occurs when people who suffer from one disorder also suffer at the same time from other disorder. |
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Term
| Features of Generalized Anxiety Disorder |
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Definition
| • Continual worry, jitteriness, or agitation. The person is not usually able to label the source of their fear. It is free floating. It is associated with catastrophizing- continually expecting the worst outcome of any situation. It is more common in women. Less common after age 50. |
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| features of phobic disorders |
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Definition
| • Phobia Disorders-specific phobia that evolves fears. For example fear of (spider, snakes, CLOWNS |
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| . Differentiate social anxiety from agoraphobia |
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Definition
• Social phobia- Extreme shyness and fear of being judged by others.
• Agoraphobia- Fear of being in places or situation from which escape might be difficult or embarrassing, or in which help may not be available. |
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| basic features of panic disorder and symptoms of panic attacks |
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Definition
| • Panic disorder- Recurring panic attacks. Feels like a heart attack like, like you are going to die. It does not usually last longer than 10 minutes. It involves avoidance of situation where panic attack has occurred before. |
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| 4 symptoms associated with PTSD |
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Definition
• The person’s response involved intense fear, helplessness, or horror.
• Intrusive Recollection
• Avoidant or numbing behavior
• Hyper-arousal |
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Term
| explain dual symptom clusters of OCD |
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Definition
• Obsessions- distressing, intrusive or frightening thoughts such as contamination, aggression, death…
• Compulsions- Repetitive behaviors or mental acts like cleaning, checking, repeating, counting… |
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Term
| main symptoms of depression and other basic features of the disorder |
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Definition
• The “common cold” of psychological disorders
• This is a “normal “ and possibly adaptive response to a tragic situation for a short period of time.
• Much more that sadness-dysfunctional, chronic distress, outside socially or culturally accepted norms. |
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Term
| a manic episode and how it manifests in Bipolar Disorder |
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Definition
• At least 1-week duration, experienced most day.
• Elevated, expansive, and /or irritable mood
• Increased arousal and /or energy levels (Less need to sleep)
• Over-talkative, loud and /or pressured speech (hard to interrupt)
• Racing thoughts, easily distracted
• Impulsive behavior with high potential for negative consequences: less sexually inhibited, gambling, and shopping sprees, risky investments |
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| difference between positive and negative symptoms clusters of Schizophrenia |
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Definition
• Positive Symptoms- (Presence of inappropriate behaviors): delusions, hallucination (most often auditory)
• Disorganized speech (incoherence or word salad)
• Disorganized behavior (repetitive)
• Negative Symptoms (Absence of appropriate behaviors): affecting flattening, alogia or avolition
• CATATONIC HEHAVIOR |
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| three types of Schizophrenia diagnoses and associated symptoms |
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Definition
• Paranoid- Preoccupation with delusions or hallucination; themes of persecution grandiosity.
• Disorganized- Disorganized speech or behavior; flat or inappropriate emotion
• Catatonic- Immobility, parrot-like repeating of another ‘s speech or movements |
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Term
| two main symptom clusters of Autism |
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Definition
• Social/communication impairments- limited expressiveness & sensitivity to other social cues, lack of joint attention, processing of social information like birthday party, inconsistent use of gestures and vocalizations, use the express needs but not to be social
• Repetitive /stereotyped behaviors & interests- stereotype movements, preservation of sameness, routines, abnormal preoccupations. It is a spectrum disorder. More common in boy than girls |
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Definition
| • Inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity (slide8) |
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| medications prescribed for treatment of depression |
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Definition
| Tricyclic’s, monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MOAI’s) SSRI’s – Serotonin Reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs |
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| major medications prescribed for treatment of anxiety |
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Definition
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| medications prescribed for treatment of psychotic disorders |
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Definition
| • Lithium- Mood stabilizers- work primarily on manic episodes |
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| medications prescribed for treatment of ADHD |
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Definition
| Ritalin, Adderall, Viviane, Concerta |
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