Term
| What are the 5 Special Senses and where are they located? |
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Definition
- Taste- taste buds
- Smell- Olfactory Epithelium
- Equilibrium- inner ear
- Hearing- inner ear
- Sight- eye
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Term
| What is the Olfactory Epithelium? |
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Definition
| A layer of epithelium about 3cm2 that is covered with Chemoreceptors that detects smell. |
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Term
| Olfactory Receptor Neurons are __o SN. |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the general tract that a "smell" takes and where it synapses. |
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Definition
1)1o SN (Olfactory Cells)
2) Synapse in Olfactory Bulb with a Interneuron
3)Interneuron synapses in the Olfactory Cortex with an effector. |
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Term
| How many olfactory receptors do we have? |
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Definition
Only 350: Each SN contains only
ONE type of receptor
(however it is much like the alphabet-there are thousands of ways to but them together) |
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Term
Smell receptors are ___-__________
___________ Receptors. |
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Definition
G-Protein Coupled Receptors
(GPCRs) |
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Term
| How does a smell receptor GPCR work? |
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Definition
- Odorant binds with an Odorant Receptor (OR)
- G-Protein located on OR breaks and moves to Adenylate Cylase (AC)
- When the alpha portion of the G-Protein binds with AC, AC dephosphorolates ATP into cAMP
- cAMP binds to a Na+/Ca2+ channel and opens it
- Na+ and Ca2+ come into the cell, depolarizing it and sending a signal
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Term
| ____________ cells are NOT sensory neurons. |
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Definition
| Taste Cells- they are modified neurons called sensory receptors |
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Term
| If a taste cell is activated and a signal is sent to the brain, which 2 nerves could be used? |
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Definition
Glossopharyngeal Nerve (9) or the Facial Nerve (7).
It just depends on which type of taste bud was stimulated. |
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Term
| What are the 5 different taste receptors? |
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Definition
- Salty
- Sour
- Sweet
- Umami (detects proteins-meaty taste)
- Bitter
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Term
| How does a Salty Taste Receptor work? |
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Definition
| Na+ enters through Na+ channels causing a depolarization. The depol opens Ca2+ voltage gated (VG) channels which releases NT. The NT stimulates the 1o SN and a AP begins. |
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Term
| How does a Sour Taste Receptor work? |
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Definition
H+ diffuses causing a depolarization. The depol opens Ca2+ voltage gated (VG) channels which releases NT. The NT stimulates the 1o SN and a AP begins.
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Term
| Which two taste receptors are GPCR's? |
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Definition
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Term
| How do Sweet and Umami Receptors work? |
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Definition
- A sugar (sweet) or glutamate (umami) binds to a GPCR
- a second messenger is released
- K+ channels close
- Depolarization
- NT released
- Received by Primary Sensory Nerve
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Term
| How does a Bitter receptor work? |
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Definition
- Quinine binds to a GPCR
- 2nd messenger
- Ca++ released from the Endoplasmic Reticulum
- NT release
- Received by Primary Sensory Nerve
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Term
| What is the general pathway a signal takes from a taste receptor? |
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Definition
- Taste Receptor
- Synapses in tongue
- Primary SN
- Synapse in Medulla Oblongata
- Secondary SN
- Synapse in Thalamus
- Tertiary SN
- Synapse in Gustatory Cortex
- Interneurons
- Taste detected
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Term
| Where are the Utricle and the Saccule located and what is there function? |
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Definition
Located in the bulb of the vestibule.
They sense vertical (linear) acceleration. |
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Term
| The sense of rotational acceleration is detected by the ________________ ________________. |
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Definition
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Term
| The Membranous Labyrinth is located where? |
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Definition
| In the Semicircular canals inside the bony labyrinth. |
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Term
| What is inside the Membranous Labyrinth? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the concentration of Na and K in Perilymph? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the concentration of Na and K in Endolymph? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two different kinds of "hairs" on a hair cell? |
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Definition
The Stereocilia (the majority) and
the Kinocilium (one large hair)
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Term
| Hair Cells are ___________ depolarized and _____________ firing. |
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Definition
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Term
| If movement causes the hair cells to bend towards the Kinocilium, what occurs? |
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Definition
A depolarization because K+ channels open
Stimulated |
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Term
| If movement causes the hair cells to bend away from the Kinocilium, what happens? |
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Definition
| K+ channels close and it is Inhibited. |
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Term
| Where is the Otolith Organ located? |
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Definition
| In the Saccule and Utricle in the endolymph of the Membranous labyrinth. |
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Term
| Describe what the Otolith Organ does. |
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Definition
| It is layers of epithelial cells with hair cells imbedded in the gelatinous membrane. There are Otolith Crystals (Ca++ crystals) in the Otolith membrane. These crystals give the gelatinous material weight. When there is movement, the gelatinous material sags and the sag is detected by the hair cells. |
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Term
| What is the Cupula and where is it located? |
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Definition
| It senses rotational acceleration in the ampula of the semicircular canals. |
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Term
| How does the Cupula detect rotational acceleration? |
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Definition
| The Cupula is a gelatinous membrane connected to two membranes (above and below it). Movement of Endolymph makes the cupula move which causes K+ to open, depolarizing the cell and creating an Action Potential. |
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Term
| What part of the brain intragates acceleration? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why can having an increased amount on Endolymph in the Cupula lead to dizziness, buzzing and hearing loss? |
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Definition
| Because of the increased pressure |
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