Term
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Definition
Bacteria Archaea Eukarya Bacteria and Archaea are more different from eachother than Archaea and Eukarya are from each other |
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Term
Differences between Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic cells |
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Definition
In eukary. cells DNA is in NUCLEUS In Prokary. cells DNA is in NUCLEOID Eukary are larger |
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Term
| Origin and indpenedent genome of mitochondria and chloroplasts in eukaryotic cells |
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Definition
-Infolding of cell membrane creates endomembrane system -Engulfing of non-photosynthetic prokary. creates mitochondria (with own DNA) -Engulfing of photosynthetic prokary. creates chloroplasts (with own DNA) |
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Term
Special features of plant cells not present in animal cells |
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Definition
chlorosplasts cell wall and central vacuole can make own food |
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Term
| ATP: function and principal structural features, formation, and usage in the three kinds of cellular work |
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Definition
-formed with energy from breakdown of energy righ food -consists of three phosphate groups, a sugar and a nitrogenous base -3 kinds of cellular work -Mechanical _transport -chemical |
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Term
| Understand the role of fermentation as well as the two types of fermentation and their practical applications |
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Definition
-makes limited amount of ATP without the chain; end result is lactic acid -Alcohol fermentation: yeast and bacteria, beer/wine, bread leavening -Lactic Acid: fungi and bacteria, yogurt, cheese, sour cream |
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Term
| Differences between fast twitch glycolytic and slow twitch oxidative mucle fibers |
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Definition
Glycolytic: use glycoysis, quick but doesn not provide a lot of energy Oxidative- use oxidative respiration: slower; yields more energy |
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Term
| understand the several classes of macrmolecules can be used as fuels in cellular respiration |
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Definition
Carbs: quick energy Fats: sustained energy Proteins: only used during starvation periods |
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Term
| Understand the energy is transferred from food molecules to energy carriers _____ and ____ by transfer of _____ |
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Definition
NADH FADH2 H (electrons and H+) |
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Term
| In the model of the hydroelectric dam, water stands for the _____, the turbine stands for the _________ and the lite-up bulb stands for the __________. |
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Definition
Protons ATP synthase ATP produced |
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Term
| Understand heat generation in metabolism and the role of uncouplers |
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Definition
| Provide channel across membrane through which protons flow back (downhill) with out making ATP, all energy is heat |
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Term
| Be able to relate aquaporin structure to aquaporin function |
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Definition
-Transport proteins allowing movement of (polar) water across (hydrophobic) lipid membranes -Water channels across membranes; membrane-spanning proteins |
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Term
Recognize examples of aquaporin involvment (in human kidney, lung, eye, mouth, skin) in the regulation of water movement |
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Definition
-Regulation of saliva output -Secretion of aqueos gastrointestinal juices druing digestion -Kidneys: 7 diff aquaporins. Ppl with defective aqauporin 2 can't concentrate urine, drink 20 liter/day. During pregnancy cause water retention -Lung hydration: 4 diff kinds -Generation of tears -Increases sweating: maintain body temp |
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Term
Examples of environmental oxidants The process when ROS is formed in the human body |
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Definition
- smoking, UV radiation, heavy metals, asbestos, silica, detoxifcation of alcohol and drugs -Human body forms ROS with every breathe we take -5-10% of electron transport in mitochondria respiration leads to formation of ROS |
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Term
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Definition
- Need LESS ENERGY since they dont run two cycles -Better in LESS SUNNY, MOIST, COOL CLIMATES -More COLD TOLERANT |
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Term
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Definition
-PEP carboxylase MORE EFFICIENT -Can fix Co2 with stomates less open Can get more CO2 without loosing as much water -LESS FERTILIZER/WATER -Better in HOT, DRY, SUNNY climates |
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Term
| Fluid-mosaic model of membrane and experimental evidence for it |
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Definition
-mosaic of phospholipids and proteins -Freeze frame membrane and observe protein bumps -Human/Mouse cell They came together and saw a migration and mixture of proteins in one cell |
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Term
| Factors affecting fluidity in various organisms |
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Definition
Unsaturated- fluid, tails with kinks Saturated- Not fluid |
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Term
-Protein needed for movement of ______ molecule -ATP needed when move from ___ to ____ concentration |
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Definition
-Protein needed for movement of hydrophilic molecule -ATP needed when move from low to high concentration |
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Term
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Definition
-pumps against high concentration gradients NA high outside, K high inside -Oscillates between two shapes 3 NA for 2 K -ATP adds phosphate group for NA; it's released with K |
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Term
Role and example of proton pumps coupled with a co-transporter |
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Definition
| -H+ gradient maintained by ATP-driven proton pump that concentrates H+ outside the cell, thus storing potential energy that can be used for active transport--> sucrose |
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Term
| Six principle functions and membrane proteins discussed in class |
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Definition
-Transport -Enzymatic activity -Signal Transduction -Cell-Cell recognition -Intercellular joining -Attachment to cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix |
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Term
| Principal difference in signal transduction of a protein hormone vs. a steriod hormone |
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Definition
- water soluble protein relay message via signal transduction pathway to gene regulatory protein -Steroid hormones move into nucleus and bind directly to gene regulatory protein |
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