Term
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Definition
A carbon oxygen double bond
-4 classes of carbonyls |
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Term
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Definition
Product of oxidizing a primary alcohol
Type of carbonyl
Oxygen and hydrogen bonded to an end carbon
O2 must be double bond
-anal suffix |
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Term
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Definition
Type of carbonyl
Oxygen and hydrogen bonded to a middle carbon
O2 must be double bond
-anone Suffix |
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Term
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Definition
Benzene ring w an aldehyde on it
Found in flavorings |
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Term
| Aldehydes take precedence |
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Definition
| Aldehydes take precedence |
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Term
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Definition
| saccharides, carbohydrates, |
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Term
| Different types of simple sugars (monosaccharides) |
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Definition
| glucose (dextrose), fructose, galactose |
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Term
| Different types of disaccharides (complex sugars) |
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Definition
Sucrose, Maltose, Lactose
(enzymes: sucrase, maltase, lactase that break these down) |
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Term
| Many disaccharides and monosaccharides tend to polymerize...these are called: |
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Definition
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Term
| Disaccharides are made up of two monosaccharides with the exclusion of H20....this type of bond is called? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
the bonding of two simple sugars, typically at the first and fourth carbon with the exclusion of a water molecule
-the sugar must exist in the hemiacetal form |
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Term
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Definition
the ring form of sugars (the most commonly found form of sugars), can be either beta or alpha, depending on the location of the OH group on the last carbon (alpha is down, beta is up)
-the fifth carbon bonds to the 1st (aldehyde carbon)
-the molecule loses the oxygen double bond on the aldehyde |
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Term
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Definition
beta: OH on 6th carbon is up
Alpha: OH on 6th carbon is down |
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Term
| Forms sugar can exist in: |
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Definition
Open chain form, beta hemiacetal form, alpha hemiacetal form
**Chirality? --> enantiomers and diastereomers |
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Term
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Definition
for a center atom to be chiral, it must have four different groups bonded to it
certain molecules exist in a "left handed or right handed" form
its a property of assymetry
An object or a system is chiral if it is not identical to its mirror image, that is, it cannot be superposed onto it.
-chirality leads to enantiomers and diastereomers |
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Term
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Definition
describes the chirality of the second to last carbon (on a sugar)
D means the OH group is on the right
L means the OH group is on the left |
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Term
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Definition
| two molecules that appear to be mirror images but are chiral |
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Term
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Definition
| At least one of the chiral centers of a molecule are switched from the original molecule, but not all of them can be switched. |
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Term
| Tollen's reagent (making silver |
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Definition
-REQUIRES an aldehyde (in this case sugar was used)
-requires a catalyst and silver ion (Ag+)
Take away 2 hydrogens or add oxygen
requires (this is an oxication reaction)
makes silver |
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Term
| Hydrogenation (reduction)of an aldehyde or a ketone |
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Definition
-add two Hydrogens or take away O2
-requires Hydrogen and a catalyst |
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Term
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Definition
require's a sugar w/ a free carbonyl (aldehyde, all simple sugars-referred to as reducing sugars)
when sugar reacts with benedict's test, the color changes from blue-red (and everythin in b/w)
This can be used to indicate excess sugar in blood or urine
Starch acts like a nonreducing sugar due to eventual termination of the branching |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
GLU[alpha1,6]GLU
-occurs in amylose when branching to make amylopectin |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Polysaccharides (4 of them) |
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Definition
starch
ribose
2-deoxyribose
glucosamine (chitin) |
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Term
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Definition
50%glucose
50% fructose
**normally these bond to become sucrose, table sugar
**enzyme in bee spit allows for these to to exist without bonding, referred to as hydrolizing (adding in H20 that would normally be cut out in bonding process) |
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Term
| sugars typically exist in ______ forms |
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Definition
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Term
| breakdown of glucose in human body |
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Definition
-due to metabolism and enzymes, aldoase
glucose>fructose>dihydroxy acetone>glyceradlehyde> CO2 acetate>CO2 + H2O |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
*similar to maltose, but beta forms of glucose are used
GLU[beta1,4]GLU |
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