Term
|
Definition
| found in many mature plant cells, hold organic compounds. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the sites of cellular respiration, a metabolic process that generates ATP |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| particles made of ribosomal RNA and protein. carry out protein synthesis in two locations: cytosol (free) and outside of the ER or the nuclear envelope(bound ribosomes) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that can digest macromolecules. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| characterized by cytoskeleton. some members have feeding grove. This group includes diplomonads, parabasalids, euglenoazoans |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Get energy from glycolisis. modified mitochondria. two equal sized nuclei and has flagella |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| have reduced mitochondria and called hydrogenosomes that generate energy anaerobicly. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| unicellular algae with unique two part glass like wall of silica. reproduce asexually and sometimes sexually. component of phytoplankton |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Biflagellated, heterotrophic, photosynthetic. mostly unicellular some colonial. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Oomyceteslargest and most complex, multicellular, "seaweeds"/kelp, lacks true leaves, stems, roots. holdfast anchors stemlike stipe and leaflike blades |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Generations are structurally different |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| forams; named for porous multichambered shells. have pseudopodia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| one delicate piece made of silica. they use pseudopodia to engulf microorganisms through phagocytosis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| multicellular, largest are seaweeds. most abundant in tropical coasts. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| plants descended from green algae. there are chlorophytes and charophyceans. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| have lobe or tube shaped instead of rather than threadlike pseudopodia. include gymnamoebas, entamoebas, and slime molds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| channels that perforate plant cell walls |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| membranes of neighboring cells are pressed togeter, prventing leakage of extracellular fluid. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| anchoring junctions, fasten cells together into strong sheets |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| communicating junctions, provide cytopasmic channels between adjacent cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a membrane separating a vacuole from the surrounding cytoplasm in a plant cell. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A temporary footlike extension of a one-celled organism, such as an amoeba, used for moving about and for surrounding and taking in food. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A temporary footlike extension of a one-celled organism, such as an amoeba, used for moving about and for surrounding and taking in food. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| consists of mature ovary and sometimes other plant parts. Protect seeds help in dispersal. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| eukaryotes, most are unicellular but some are multicellular or colonial. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| absorb organic molecules or ingest larger food particles, obtain their organic molecules by eating other organisms (or the byproducts of those living organisms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| combine photosynthesis and heterotrophic nutrition |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| these prokaryotes use energy from sunlight (photons) to make cellular energy in the form of ATP and to make organic molecules (sugars) from atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A modified leaf that bears sporangia and spores |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Dominant sporophyte generation, vascular tissue and true roots/leaves. have seeds. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| heterospory, Pollen (with sporopollenin used to protect the pollen grains). Reduced gametophytes (nutritionally depended on the sporophyte). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| produce megaspores that give rise to female gametophytes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| produce microspores that give rise to male gametophytes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| consists of a megasporangium, megaspore, and one or more protective integuments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mosses- apical meristems and a waxy cuticle, use rhizoids, no roots/leaves/vascular tissue. . sporophyte has one sporangia. short, nutrients: diffusion. Gametophyte Dominant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| liverworts- oldest branch of modern plants. resemble mosses however have actual pores in leaves. Moist environment. Can reproduce asexually into gemma cups (rain) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hornwarts- Use rhizoids to anchor themselves. sporophyte is hornlike extension embedded in the gametophyte. meristem, horn, meiosis 1 and meiosis 2, spores release. bisexual gametophytes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lycophytes and pterophytes- meristems, waxy cuticle, stomata, sporophyte, sporopollenin. Have xylem, phloem, roots. Diploid sporophyte generation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the tissue that conducts water and dissolved minerals throughout the plant body. It is composed of dead cells that act like water pipes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the tissue that conducts food molecules (like sugars) throughout the plant. Live cells that act as pipes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ferns, whisk ferns, horsetails- sporophyte dominant, vascular tissue, roots emerge from rhizome. homosporous, photosynthetic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| heterotrophs, nutrients: absorbtion, some fungi are unicellular (yeasts), most are formed by hyphae |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| long chains of cells joined end-to-end that are separated by a septum into cell-sized units, or they can be long, slender nuclei-filled tubes with shared cytoplasm, which just elongate to grow and grow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| their cells contain two different nuclei in them (imagine if a human sperm fertilized an egg, and instead of fusing the two nuclei just stayed separate from each other) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cell fusion to form a region with shared cytoplasm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (often) environmentally resistant stage or cell that can grow into a new individual organism (they can have tough outer cell walls that allow them to survive harsh, dry conditions). made in sporangia. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| small aquatic saprobes. hyphae lack septa. form spores that have flagella (zoospore) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| this group forms an environmentally resistant zygosporangium during sexual reproduction. saprobes (detritivores). lack septa in hyphae. growth at end of hyphae. sporangia make haploid spores by mitosis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 90% of all species of plants form arbuscular mycorrhizal associations with a member of this phylum, and almost all members of this phylum form arbuscular mycorrhizae. mycorrhizae- |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
fungi form extremely important symbiotic relationships with plant roots called mycorrhizae. There are two general types of interaction involved:
1. arbuscular mycorrhizae (endomycorrhizae) – where the fungal hyphae penetrate into the cells of the plant root (though NOT through the plasma membrane). It is the most common form.
2. ectomycorrhizae – where the fungal hyphae surround the root cells but do not penetrate into them |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| multicellular and some unicellular. sexual reproduction leads to the formation of spores within structures called asci. Hyphae are divided by perforated septa. asexually form conidia. in each ascus the haploid nuclei finally fuse to form a zygotic diploid nucleus. This is the only place you see a real 2n diploid nucleus. resistant seed coat, ascospore |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| they each contain two nuclei, one nucleus from the (+) strain and one from the (–) strain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| multicellular, mushrooms - basidiocarp. Basidia produce basidiospores. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a single, circular chromosome of DNA. ribosomes (protein factories for synthesizing proteins). plasma membrane surrounding a core of cytoplasm. Cell wall surrounding the plasma membrane. capsule, slimy jacket over cell wall. Three shapes, bacilli, cocci, spirilla. mother and daughter cells are identical, mutation arises from bacteria taking DNA from the environment and placing it in their own. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| has thick cell wall made up of peptidoglycan (a giant mesh of sugars and small protein chunks). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| have a cell wall made up of a thin layer of peptidoglycan, and a second, outer lipid bilayer membrane. This outer membrane contains a special lipopolysaccharide (lipid and sugar molecule) that can act as a toxin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| photosynthetic organisms that transformed the atmosphere into an oxygen-rich (oxidizing) environment. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| prokaryotic cell gets larger, DNA is replicated, As cell gets larger the chromosomes split apart and form two cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| these use energy from inorganic chemicals instead of the sun in order to generate cellular ATP energy and to incorporate carbon dioxide into organic molecules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| can use photons of light to make energy but can’t use this energy effectively to incorporate, or “fix”, carbon dioxide into organic molecules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| they need to consume organic molecules – molecules from other living organisms - for both energy and building blocks. This mode of nutrition is found in the majority of prokaryotes, as well as protists, fungi, animals and even some plants |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
organism #1 oganism #2
1. parasitism + -
2. commensalism + no effect
3. mutualism + + |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 5 Kinds- gram -, gram +, cyanobacteria(photosynthetic), Chlamydias (parasites that live inside eukaryotes), and Spirochaetes – helical-shaped bacteria that are free-living or |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| live in the most extreme environments, methanogens, halophiles, thermophiles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a cell that lives within another cell. These “almost eukaryotic” cells maintained undigested prokaryotic cells or parasitic prokaryotic cells within them, and these prokaryotes eventually developed a relationship with the host cell that was mutually beneficial (mutualism) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- no cell walls, just a plasma membrane
- heterotrophic (ingest other organisms for food/energy)
- gametic life cycles (or asexual reproduction) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- rigid cell walls outside the plasma membrane, made of cellulose (a form of the sugar glucose)
- autotrophs (“self-feeders” that can use photosynthesis to generate energy and fix inorganic carbon from carbon dioxide into organic molecules like sugar); some are parasites
- sporic life cycles (or asexual reproduction) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- cell walls outside the plasma membrane, made of chitin (modified glucose)
- heterotrophic w/ extracellular digestion
- have zygotic life cycles (or asexual reproduction) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- can have just plasma membranes, cell walls of cellulose and other materials
- heterotrophs and autotrophs, some species are actually both at once (mixotrophs)
- variations on sporic, gametic or zygotic life cycles, and of course asexual reproduction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Unicellular protists w/ at least one flagella that contains a unique type of spiral or crystalline rod inside it. kinetoplastids and euglenids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contain flagella and a kinetoplast, modified mitochondria. some free living, others plant/animal parasites |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| freshwater, have flagella, highly variable modes of feeding. mixotrophic and utilize a unique glucose polymer for storage called paramylon. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| are members of this group which contain alveoli - flattened, membrane-bound sacs under the surface of the plasma membrane of this group. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| have two flagella, one in a transverse groove around their middle and one sticking off like a tail, that they use for movement. shell made of cellulose.- contain chloroplasts with chlorophylls as well as xanthophylls |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
unicellular parasites with complex life cycles
- contain an apical complex, a collection of vesicles near the “apex” of the cell that secrete enzymes to allow the parasites to enter a host cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| large number of cilia. unicellular heterotrophs. paramecium oral groove. grove produces food vacuole and contractile vacuole. contains macronucleus and micronucleus. sex is directly switching DNA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| diatoms- unicellular autotrophs, double shells made of silica dioxide. Reproduce asexually get smaller each generation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| autotrophs, unicellular and colonial, some are multicellular. cells are flagellated |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| water molds, white rusts, mildews. parasites, saprobes, use absorbtion like fungi (extracellular digestion) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| marine, found in sand attached to rock or algae. contain pore-studded shells called “tests” made of calcium carbonate. long, thin pseudopodia (cellular extensions that allow for locomotion & feeding) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| red algae- mostly marine and multicellular. cell walls contain sulfated sugars that make up agar and carrageenan |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| aquatic- unicellular, colonial, multicellular. ancestor of land plants |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| plasmodial slime molds, diploid plasmodium, large single cells that have multiple nuclei |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cellular slime molds, unicellular form with amoeboid locomotion, forms slug, which then forms spores in times of stress |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (“root feet”) – free-living amoebas. - they eat other microorganisms which they capture with their psuedopodia and internalize through phagocytosis (they wrap their plasma membrane around the food particle and engulf it, then they fuse it with lysosomes to digest the food particle). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| parasitic amoebas. parasites like Entamoeba histolytica, for example, can live in our large intestines. |
|
|
