Term
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Definition
| A group of diseases characterized by uncontrolled cell growth and spread of abnormal cells |
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Term
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Definition
| A change in the DNA sequence |
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Term
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Definition
| non-cancerous; does not spread, not initially cancer but has the risk of becoming malignant |
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Term
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Definition
| cancerous; has the potential to spread to other parts of the body |
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Term
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Definition
| when cells leave a part of the body and travel to another part of the body |
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Term
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Definition
| programmed cell death; when there is damaged DNA, the body is supposed to recognize this and kill the cell |
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Term
| What gene triggers apoptosis? |
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Definition
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Term
| Mutations in what two genes (located in the nucleus of the cell) lead to cancer? |
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Definition
| Proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes |
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Term
| Cancer cells divide too quickly and can leave the original site and enter the... |
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Definition
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Term
| How do cancer cells spread? |
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Definition
| The lymphatic system collects fluids from capillaries and with it cancer cells, which are then delivered by the circulatory system |
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Term
| How does radiation treat cancer? |
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Definition
| Uses high energy rays to kill cancer cells |
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Term
| How does chemotherapy treat cancer? |
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Definition
| Uses anti-cancer drugs to kill cancer cells; targets all actively dividing cells, even healthy ones |
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Term
| Taxol is a common chemotherapy used to treat....? |
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Definition
| Ovarian and breast cancer |
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Term
| Testicular cancer has a ....% survival rate if diagnosed early |
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Definition
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Term
| An enlarged prostate...? (4 things) |
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Definition
-Constricts the urethra
-Dilates the bladder
-Dilates the ureters
-Causes discomfort |
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Term
| What is the Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA)? |
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Definition
| PSA is a protein produced by the cells of the prostate gland; the PSA test measures the level of the PSA in the blood |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What does the proteinase enzyme do? |
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Definition
| Allows cancer cells to invade underlying healthy tissue |
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Term
| Why is carbon monoxide so dangerous to smokers and passive smokers? |
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Definition
| It prevents hemoglobin (red blood cells) from carrying oxygen |
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Term
| What % of those diagnosed with lung cancer die within the first year? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which type of skin cancer occurs in the deepest layer of the epidermis? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the normal and mutated functions of a proto-oncogene? |
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Definition
| Normal function-promotes cell division; Mutated function-promotes division of abnormal cells |
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Term
| What are the normal and mutated functions of a tumor suppressor gene? |
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Definition
| Normal function-suppresses cell division; Mutated function-fails to suppress cell division |
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Term
| What are the characteristics of a normal cell? |
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Definition
-controlled growth
-contact inhibition
-one organized layer
-differentiated cells |
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Term
| What are the characteristics of cancer cells? |
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Definition
-uncontrolled growth
-no contact inhibition
-disorganized, multilayered
-non-differentiated cells
-abnormal nuclei |
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Term
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Definition
| The recruitment of blood vessels from the network of neighboring vessels |
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Term
| What are the causes of cancer? |
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Definition
-heredity
-organic chemicals
-radiation
-viruses |
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Term
| What are the 4 steps of the formation of cancer? |
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Definition
-Mutation
-Proto-oncogene becomes and oncogene
-Signaling protein malfunctions
-Inappropriate cell growth |
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Term
| Where does squamous cell carcinoma originate? |
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Definition
| The epidermis; squamous cells are the most abundant cells in the skin |
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Term
| Where in the skin does melanoma develop? |
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Definition
| Basal layer of the epidermis |
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Term
| What cells are involved in melanoma? |
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Definition
| Melanocytes-responsible for production of skin pigment (melanin) |
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Term
| What are the general characteristics used to identify skin cancer? |
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Definition
| Asymmetry, Border, Color, Diameter, Evolution |
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Term
| Besides chemotherapy and radiation, what other treatments are possible for cancer? |
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Definition
| Surgery, bone marrow transplant, angiostatin, endostatin, vaccines |
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Term
| What is the water content of Plasma? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Regional infections such as influenza (not worldwide) |
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Term
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Definition
| Worldwide infections such as HIV |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What does an antibody do? |
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Definition
| Fights antigens by binding to them through the lock and key method |
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Term
| What is the function of the lymph nodes? |
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Definition
| It is where immune cells congregate and where they can encounter antigens |
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Term
| How many genes does the influenza virus have? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the function of hemaglutin? |
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Definition
| The key to get the flu virus into the cell and make copies of the virus |
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Term
| What is the function of neuraminidase? |
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Definition
| The gene used to get the flu virus free from cells and spread through the body |
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Term
| What part of the influenza virus mutates to make so many different strains? |
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Definition
| The external spikes; antibodies bind to these to try and kill the virus |
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Term
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Definition
| Occurs when mutations of the nucleic acid of the spike protein bring about small changes in the antigens |
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Term
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Definition
| (BAD) occurs when 2 different influenza viruses attack the same cell--rearrangement of the viral genome |
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Term
| Who developed the vaccine? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the functions of immunizations? |
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Definition
-Expose the immune system to harmless agents
-Stimulate the immune response
-Develop immunological memory
-Provide future protection |
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Term
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Definition
| Immunity that provides long-lasting protection against a disease causing virus (can be given through a vaccine) |
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Term
| Who developed penicillan? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 5 types of white blood cells? |
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Definition
| Neutrophils, Lymphocytes, Monocytes, Eosinophils, Basophils |
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Term
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Definition
| small particles that can contain bacteria and cause disease in humans |
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Term
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Definition
| contagious disease caused by bacteria; fluid in the lungs, can be easily spread by coughing (through the air) |
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Term
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Definition
| Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus; "staph" infection; caused by bacteria that live in the nose or on the skin |
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Term
| What is the term for red blood cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the term for white blood cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a normal (healthy) white-blood cell count? |
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Definition
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Term
| Function of a neutrophil? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| B Type-produces antibodies in blood and lymph; T Type-kills virus containing cells |
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Term
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Definition
| Becomes a macrophage (very aggressive phagocyte) to destroy bacteria and viruses |
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Term
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Definition
| phagocytizes and destroys antigen-antibody complexes |
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Term
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Definition
| release histamine when stimulated, promotes blood flow to injured tissue |
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Term
| T cells promote what type of adaptive immune response? |
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Definition
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Term
| B cells promote which type of adaptive immune response? |
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Definition
| Humoral or antibody-mediated immunity |
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Term
| Where do T cells originate and mature? |
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Definition
| Originate-bone marrow; Mature-thymus gland |
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Term
| Where do B cells originate and mature? |
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Definition
| Originate-bone marrow; Mature-bone marrow |
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Term
| What are the 4 types of T cells? |
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Definition
-Helper T cells
-Cytotoxic T cells
-Memory T cells
-Suppressor T cells |
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Term
| Function of Helper T cells? |
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Definition
| Orchestrate immune response |
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Term
| Function of cytotoxic T cells? |
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Definition
| attack and destroy abnormal cells |
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Term
| Function of memory T cells? |
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Definition
| reactivate upon later exposure to the same antigen to form helper and cytotoxic T cells |
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Term
| Function of suppressor T cells? |
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Definition
| May suppress immune response after an antigen has been destroyed |
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Term
| What are the 2 types of B cells? |
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Definition
Plasma B cells
Memory B cells |
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Term
| Function of the Plasma B cells? |
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Definition
| secrete antibodies, immunoglobulins |
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Term
| Function of Memory B cells? |
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Definition
| retain immunological memory |
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Term
| What is the function of the Antigen-Presenting Cell? (macrophage) |
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Definition
| engulfs a pathogen, then is broken down into fragments; the fragments are linked to an MHC protein in the plasma membrane and then it can be presented to a T cell |
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Term
| What is the process of an inflammation reaction? |
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Definition
-Vasodilation
-Release of histamine
-Release of bradykinins/kinins (causes pain)
-Phagocytic migration to the site of infection |
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Term
| What are the 2 attack chemicals? |
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Definition
Complement System
Interferon |
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Term
| Function of the complement system? |
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Definition
| Specifically attacks bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
| works only against viruses |
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Term
| A fever is caused by ______ and is an attempt to prevent ________ |
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Definition
1-endogenous pyrogens
2-viral replication |
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Term
| What are the characteristics of an auto-immune disease? |
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Definition
| the body sees its own cells as being foreign, and seeks out to destroy them |
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Term
| What are the characteristics of allergies? |
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Definition
| the body's immune system overreacts to substances in the environment (allergens) |
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Term
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Definition
| a disease that humans can acquire from animals |
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Term
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Definition
| Organisms that may carry disease |
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Term
| What is the most lethal form of skin cancer? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the function of red blood cells (erythrocytes)? |
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Definition
| 45% of blood. Contains hemoglobin which transports oxygen and carries away carbon dioxide waste |
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Term
| What is the function of plasma? |
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Definition
| 55% of blood. Mostly water and transports blood cells and platelets |
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Term
| What is the function of white blood cells (leukocytes)? |
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Definition
| Make up only a tiny fraction of the whole blood, used for defense |
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Term
| What is the function of platelets? |
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Definition
| release tiny substances that begin the process of blood clotting |
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Term
| B type cells produce______. |
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Definition
| antibodies in the blood and lymph |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What type of virus is influenza? |
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Definition
| RNA virus (RNA mutates easily) |
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Term
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Definition
| The engulfing and ingestion of bacteria by phagocytes; an important part in defense against disease |
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Term
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Definition
| Process in which there is a release of histamines which cause an inflammation reaction |
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Term
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Definition
| Human Leukocyte-associated Antigens; they mark the cell as belonging to a particular individual |
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