Term
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Definition
| a molecule with a three-part structure: a five-carbon sugar, a phosphate functional group, and a nitrogen containing base that differs among the different types. |
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Term
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Definition
| A subunit of which nucleic acids are composed; a phosphate group bonded to a sugar (deoxyribose in DNA), which is in turn bonded to a nitrogen-containing base (adenine, guanine, cytosine, or thymine in DNA). _________ are linked together, forming a strand of nucleic acid, by bonds between the phosphate of one _________ and the sugar of the next ______ |
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Term
| Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) |
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Definition
| A ribose nucleotide with three phosphate functional groups. This unstable molecule carries energy from place to place within a cell, storing the energy in bonds between its phosphate groups. |
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Term
| Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) |
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Definition
| A molecule composed of the sugar ribose, the base adenine, and three phosphate groups; the major energy carrier in cells. The last two phosphate groups are attached by "high-energy" bonds. |
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Term
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Definition
| An organic molecule composed of nucleotide subunits; the two common types of _____ ______ are ribonucleic acid (RNA) and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) |
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Term
| Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) |
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Definition
| a molecule composed of deoxyribose nucleotides; contains the genetic information of all living cells. |
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Term
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Definition
| A molecule composed of ribose nucleotides, each of which consists of a phosphate group, the sugar ribose, and one of the bases adenine, cytosine, guanine or URACIL; involved in converting the information in DNA into protein; also the genetic material of some viruses |
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Term
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Definition
| The scientific theory stating that every living organism is made up of one or more cells; cells are the functional units of all organisms; and all cells arise from preexisting cells |
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Definition
| the outer membrane of a cell, composed of a bilayer of phosolipids in which proteins are embedded |
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Definition
| all of the material contained within the plasma membrane of a cell, exclusive of the nucleus |
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Definition
| the fluid portion of the cytoplasm; the substance within the plasma membrane exclusive of the nucleus and organelles; also called cytosol |
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Definition
| Referring to cells of the domains Bacteria or Archaea. ______ cells have genetic material that is not enclosed in a membrane-bound nucleus; they also lack other membrane-bound organelles. |
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Definition
| referring to cells of organisms of the domain Eukarya (plants, animals, fungi, and protists.) _________ cells have genetic material enclosed within a membrane-bound nucleus and contain other organelles |
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Term
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Definition
| a membrane-enclosed structure found inside a eukaryotic cell that performs a specific function |
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Term
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Definition
| a network of protein fibers in the cytoplasm that gives shape to a cell, holds and moves organelles, and is typically involved in cell movement |
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Term
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Definition
| Relatively stiff coatings that support and protect the delicate plasma membrane. The outer surfaces of plants, fungi,and some protists are covered with this nonliving coating |
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Definition
| a short, hair-like, motile projection from the surface of certain eukaryotic cells that contains microtubules in a 9 + 2 arrangement. The movement of ____ may propel cells through a fluid medium or move fluids over a stationary surface layer of cells |
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Definition
a long, hair-like, motile extension of the plasma membrane; in eukaryotic cells, it contains microtubules arranged in a
9 + 2 pattern. The movement of flagella propel some cells through fluids |
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Term
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Definition
| the membrane-bound organelle of eukaryotic cells that contains the cell's genetic material |
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Term
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Definition
| The double-membrane system surrounding the nucleus of eukaryotic cells; the outer membrane is typically continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum |
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Definition
| an array of proteins that line pores in the nuclear membrane and control which substances enter and leave the nucleus |
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Definition
| The complex of DNA and proteins that makes up eukaryotic chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| A DNA double helix together with proteins that help to organize and regulate the use of DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| The region of the eukaryotic nucleus that is engaged in ribosome synthesis; consists of the genes encoding ribosomal RNA, newly synthesized ribosomal RNA, and ribosomal proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| A complex consisting of two subunits, each composed of ribosomal RNA and protein, found in the cytoplasm of cells or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum, that is the site of protein synthesis, during which the sequence of bases of messenger RNA is translated into the sequence of amino acids in a protein |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of RNA that combines with protein to form ribosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| A small, membrane-bound sac within the cytoplasm |
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Definition
| A system of membranous tubes and channels in eukaryotic cells; the site of most protein and lipid synthesis |
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Definition
| A stack of membranous sacs, found in most eukaryotic cells, that is the site of processing and separation of membrane components and secretory materials |
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Term
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Definition
| A membrane-bound organelle containing intracellular digestive enzymes |
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Definition
| A membranous sac, within a single cell, in which food is enclosed. Digestive enzymes are released into the vacuole, where intracellular digestion occurs |
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Definition
| A vesicle that is typically large and consists of a single membrane enclosing a fluid-filled space. |
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Definition
| A fluid-filled vacuole in certain protists that takes up water from the cytoplasm, contracts, and expels the water outside the cell through a pore in the plasma membrane |
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Definition
| a large, fluid-filled vacuole occupying most of the volume of many plant cells; performs several functions, including maintaining turgor pressure |
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Term
| Mitochondrion/ Mitochondria |
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Definition
| An organelle bounded by two membranes, that is the site of the reactions of aerobic metabolism |
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Definition
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Definition
| The organelle in plants and plantlike protists that is the site of photosynthesis; surrounded by a double membrane and containing an extensive internal membrane system that bears chlorophyll |
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Definition
A pigment found in chloroplasts that captures light energy during a photosynthesis; chlorophyll absorbs violet, blue, and red light but reflects green light
green color in plants |
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Term
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Definition
| In plant cells, an organelle bounded by two membranes that may be involved in photosynthesis (chloroplasts) pigment storage, or food storage |
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Definition
| The location of the genetic material in prokaryotic cells; NOT MEMBRANE ENCLOSED |
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Term
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Definition
| A model of cell membrane structure; according to this model, membranes are composed of a double layer of phospholipids in which various proteins are embedded. The phospholipid bilayer is a somewhat fluid matrix that allows the movement of proteins within it |
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Term
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Definition
| A double layer of phospholipids that forms the basis of all cellular membranes. The phospholipid heads, which are hydrophilic, face the water of extracellular fluid or the cytoplasm; the tails, which are hydrophobic, are buried in the middle of the bilayer |
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Definition
| A protein to which a carbohydrate is attached |
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Term
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Definition
| A protein, located in the membrane or the cytoplasm of a cell, that binds to specific molecules, triggering a response in the cell, such as endocytosis, changes in the metabolic rate, cell division, or electrical changes |
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Term
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Definition
| A protein or glycoprotein protruding from the outside surface of a plasma membrane that identifies a cell as belonging to a particular species, to a specific individual of that species, and in many cases to one specific organ within the individual. |
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Definition
| A biological catalyst, usually a protein, that speeds up the rate of specific biological reactions |
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Term
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Definition
| A protein in the plasma membrane of a cell that attaches either to the cytoskeleton inside the cell, to other cells, or to the extracellular matrix |
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Term
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Definition
| A protein that regulates the movement of water soluble molecules through the plasma membrane |
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Definition
| A membrane protein that forms a channel or pore completely through the membrane and that is usually permeable to one or to a few water-soluble molecules, especially ions |
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Definition
| A membrane protein that facilitates the diffusion of specific substances across the membrane. The molecule to be transported binds to the outer surface of the carrier protein; the protein then changes shape, allowing the molecule to move across the membrane |
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Definition
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Definition
| A substance dissolved in a solvent |
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Definition
| A liquid capable of dissolving (uniformly dispersing) other substances in itself |
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Definition
| The number of particles of a dissolved substance in a given unit of volume |
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Definition
| A difference in concentration, pressure, or electrical charge between two regions |
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Definition
| The difference in concentration of a substance between two parts of a fluid or across a barrier such as a membrane |
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Definition
| The net movement of particles from a region of high concentration to that particle to a region of low concentration, driven by the concentration gradient; may occur entirely within a fluid or across a barrier such as a membrane |
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Definition
| The quality of a membrane that allows certain molecules or ions to move through it more readily than others |
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Definition
| The movement of materials across a membrane down a gradient of concentration, pressure, or electrical charge without using cellular energy |
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Term
| Energy-requiring transport |
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Definition
| The transfer of substances across a cell membrane using cellular energy; includes active transport, endocytosis, and exocytosis |
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Term
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Definition
| The diffusion of water, dissolved gasses, or lipid-soluble molecules through the phospholipid bilayer of a cellular membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| The diffusion of molecules across a membrane, assisted by protein pores or carriers embedded in the membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| A channel protein in the plasma membrane of a cell that is selectively permeable to water |
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Term
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Definition
| Referring to a solution that has the same concentration of dissolved particles ( and therefore the same concentration of free water) as the cytoplasm of a cell |
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Term
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Definition
| Referring to a solution that has a lower concentration of dissolved particles (and therefore a higher concentration of free water) than has the cytoplasm of a cell |
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Term
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Definition
| Referring to a solution that has a higher concentration of dissolved particles ( and therefore a lower concentration of free water) than has the cytoplasm of a cell |
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Term
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Definition
| The movement of materials across a membrane through the use of cellular energy, normally against a concentration gradient |
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Term
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Definition
| The process in which the plasma membrane engulfs extracellular material, forming membrane-bound sacs that enter the cytoplasm and thereby move material into the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| The non-selective movement of extracellular fluid, enclosed within a vesicle formed from the plasma membrane, into a cell |
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Term
| receptor-mediated endocytosis |
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Definition
| The selective uptake of molecules from the extracellular fluid by binding to a receptor located at a coated pit on the plasma membrane and pinching off the coated pit into a vesicle that moves into the cytoplasm |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of endocytosis in which extensions of a plasma membrane engulf extracellular particles, enclose them in a membrane-bound sac, and transport them into the interior of the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| The process in which intracellular material is enclosed within a membrane and fuses with it, releasing the material outside the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| A strong cell-to-cell junction that attaches adjacent cells to one another |
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Definition
A type of cell-to-cell junction in animals that prevents the movement of materials through the spaces between cells
(water tight) |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of cell-to-cell junction in animals in which channels connect the cytoplasm of adjacent cells |
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Definition
| A cell-to-cell junction in plants that connects the cytoplasm of adjacent cells |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Energy transferred to an object, usually causing the object to move |
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Term
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Definition
| A form of potential energy that is stored in molecules and may be released during chemicals reactions |
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Term
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Definition
| "Stored" energy, normally chemical energy or energy of position within a gravitational field |
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Definition
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Definition
| The physical laws that define the basic properties and behavior of energy |
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Definition
| A hypothetical space where neither energy nor matter can enter or leave |
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Term
| Law of Conservation of Energy |
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Definition
| The principle of physics that states that within any closed system, energy can be neither created nor destroyed, but can be converted from one form to another, also called the first law of thermodynamics |
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Term
| Second Law of Thermodynamics |
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Definition
| The principle of physics that states that any change in a closed system causes the quantity of concentrated, useful energy to decrease and the amount of randomness and disorder (entropy) to increase |
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Definition
| A measure of the amount of randomness and disorder in a system |
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Definition
| The process that forms and breaks chemical bonds that hold atoms together in molecules |
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Definition
| an atom or molecule that is used up in a chemical reaction to form a product |
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Term
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Definition
| an atom or molecule that is formed from reactants in a chemical reaction |
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Definition
| Pertaining to a chemical reaction that releases energy |
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Definition
| Pertaining to a chemical reaction that requires an input of energy to proceed |
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Definition
| In a chemical reaction, the energy needed to force the electron shells of reactants together, prior to the formation of products |
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Term
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Definition
| High-energy, unstable molecules that are synthesized at the site of an exergonic reaction, capturing some of the released energy |
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Term
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Definition
| A molecule that can reversibly gain or lose electrons. _______ generally accept high-energy electrons produced during an exergonic reaction and donate the electrons to acceptor molecules that use the energy to drive endergonic reactions |
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Term
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Definition
| A pair of reactions, one exergonic and one endergonic, that are linked together such that the energy produced by the exergonic reaction provides the energy needed to drive the endergonic reaction |
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Term
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Definition
| Highly specific biological catalysts |
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Term
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Definition
| An organic molecule that is bound to certain enzymes and is required for the enzymes' proper functioning; typically, a nucleotide bound to a water-soluble vitamin |
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Term
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Definition
| the region of an enzyme molecule that binds substrates and performs the catalyic function of the enzyme |
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Term
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Definition
| the atoms or molecules that are reactants for an enzyme-catalyzed chemical reaction |
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Definition
| The sum of all chemical reactions that occur within a single cell or within all the cells of a multicellular organism |
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Definition
| a sequence of chemical reactions within a cell, in which the products of one reaction are the reactants for the next reaction |
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Definition
| The process by which two or more molecules that are somewhat similar in structure compete for the active site of an enzyme |
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Term
| Noncompetitive Inhibition |
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Definition
| The process by which an inhibitory molecule binds to a site on an enzyme that is distinct from the active site. As a result, the enzyme's active site is distorted, making it less able to catalyze the reaction involving its normal substrate |
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Term
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Definition
| The process by which enzyme action is enhanced or inhibited by small organic molecules that act as regulators by binding to the enzyme at a regulatory site distinct from the active site, and altering the shape and/or function of the active site |
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Term
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Definition
| In enzyme-mediated chemical reactions, the condition in which the product of a reaction inhibits one or more of the enzymes involved in synthesizing the product |
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Term
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Definition
| having the secondary and/or tertiary structure of a protein disrupted, while leaving the amino acid sequence unchanged. _______ proteins can no longer perform their biological functions |
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