Term
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Definition
| a hormone produced in response to decreased oxygen levels in the blood to increase production and release of RBCs |
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Term
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Definition
| an increase in the number of polychromatophils in the peripheral blood |
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Term
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Definition
| immature RBCs that lack nuclei and have cytoplasm that stains bluish on a Wright's or rapid stained blood film; appear larger than mature RBCs; a good indicator of increased production of RBCs by the bone marrow |
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Term
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Definition
| an increase in the number of reticulocytes in the peripheral blood |
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Term
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Definition
| immature RBCs identified by using a supravital stain such as New Methylene Blue (NMB); same as polychromatophils, differ only by stain used; can be recognized by mitochondria and ribosomes that precipitate into aggregates called reticulum when stained; a good indicator of increased RBC production by the bone marrow |
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Term
| SMALLER species have HIGHER metabolic rates and SHORTER lifespan of RBCs |
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Definition
| (smaller/larger) species have (higher/lower) metabolic rates and (shorter/longer) lifespan of RBCs |
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Term
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Definition
| the formation of new RBCs |
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Term
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Definition
| the organ that produces erythropoietin |
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Term
| 5 days (can be reduced to 3-4 days due to increased demand) |
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Definition
| the typical amount of time it takes for a rubriblast to mature into a polychromatophil |
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Term
| red blood cell precursors |
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Definition
| the site of hemoglobin synthesis |
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Term
| macrophages in the liver, spleen, and bone marrow |
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Definition
| the site of iron storage until it is needed for erythropoiesis |
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Term
| blast cell (example: rubriblast) |
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Definition
| the first morphologically identifiable precursor in each cell lineage |
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Term
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Definition
| the fluid portion of blood |
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Term
| cellular components (RBCs, WBCs, platelets) |
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Definition
| the formed portion of blood |
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Term
| provides oxygen to tissues by transporting and protecting hemoglobin |
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Definition
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Term
| provides defense/immunity |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the primary function of platelets |
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Term
| monocytes and lymphocytes |
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Definition
| 2 types of mononuclear WBCs |
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Term
| segmented neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils |
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Definition
| 3 types of polymorphonuclear (segmented) WBCs |
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Term
| monocytes and lymphocytes |
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Definition
| 2 types of agranular WBCs (agranulocytes) |
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Term
| segmented neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils |
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Definition
| 3 types of WBCs with secretory granules in the cytoplasm (granulocytes) |
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Term
| transports nutrients, signal proteins, and hormones/cytokines |
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Definition
| primary function of plasma |
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Term
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Definition
| the formation and development of blood cells in the bone marrow |
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Term
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Definition
| the formation of leukocytes/WBCs |
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Term
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Definition
| the formation of neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils |
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Term
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Definition
| the formation of platelets |
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Term
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Definition
| medullary site of blood cell formation |
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Term
| spleen, liver, lymph nodes, and others |
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Definition
| extramedullary sites of blood cell formation |
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Term
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Definition
| function of intravascular space in bone marrow |
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Term
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Definition
| function of extravascular space in bone marrow |
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Term
| central vein and vascular sinuses |
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Definition
| 2 components of intravascular space in bone marrow |
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Term
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Definition
| capable of giving rise to several different cell types |
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Term
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Definition
| a decrease in PCV, HGB, and RBC below the reference ranges |
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Term
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Definition
| the key cytokine of erythropoiesis |
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Term
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Definition
| 2 key cytokines of myelopoiesis |
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Term
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Definition
| the key cytokine of thrombopoiesis |
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Term
| immature cells are LARGER than mature cells and have a LARGER nucleus |
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Definition
| immature cells are (larger/smaller) than mature cells and have a (larger/smaller) nucleus |
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Term
| mature cells become LESS basophilic than immature cells |
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Definition
| mature cells become (more/less) basophilic than immature cells |
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Term
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Definition
| readily stained blue with basic dyes |
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Term
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Definition
| immature cell that matures to a macrophage when it leaves the bloodstream to reside in extravascular tissues |
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Term
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Definition
| a cell formed from fragments of megakaryocyte cytoplasm |
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Term
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Definition
| the largest cell type formed in bone marrow |
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Term
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Definition
| the presence of hemoglobin in the urine; caused by RBCs that lyse in circulation and release free hemoglobin that is filtered out through the kidneys |
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Term
| erthrocytic, granulocytic, megakaryocytic, and agranulocytic |
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Definition
| the 4 major lineages of committed progenitor cells derived from myeloid stem cells in the bone marrow |
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Term
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Definition
| the formation of lymphocytes (B-lymphocyte, T-lymphocyte and natural killer cells) |
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Term
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Definition
| the term for the ability of pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells to remain constant in number; they accomplish this by dividing into two daughter cells, one of which is a new stem cell that replaces the parent stem cell, and the other which differentiates into a progenitor cell from one of the cell lineages |
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Term
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Definition
| chemical messengers involved in the differentiation of stem cells into progenitor cells |
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Term
| 1) megakaryocyte/erthrocyte precursor cell, 2) granulocyte/monocyte precursor cell |
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Definition
| the common myeloid precursor cell can differentiate into these 2 pathways |
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Term
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Definition
| studded with or denoting dots or tiny holes |
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Term
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Definition
| a hormone cytokine that acts as the stimulus for the production of granulocytes |
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Term
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Definition
| cells belonging to this group are still capable of division by mitosis |
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Term
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Definition
| cells belonging to this group are no longer capable of division by mitosis |
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Term
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Definition
| a decreased number of lymphocytes in the blood |
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Term
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Definition
| a decreased number of all blood cell types |
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Term
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Definition
| an increased number of leukocytes in the blood |
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Term
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Definition
| an increased number of immature neutrophils in the blood |
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Term
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Definition
| neoplastic cells in the blood or bone marrow |
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Term
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Definition
| a condition that is characterized by marked leukocytosis (>50,000/mL) and usually the result of inflammatory disease; can be mistaken for leukemia |
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Term
| 1) rubriblasts, 2) prorubricytes, 3) rubricytes, 4) metarubricytes, 5) reticulocytes |
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Definition
| the 5 erythrocyte developmental stages |
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Term
| 1) megakaryoblast, 2) promegakaryocyte, 3) megakaryocyte, 4) proplatelet |
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Definition
| the 4 platelet developmental stages |
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Term
| 1) myeloblast, 2) promyelocyte, 3) myelocyte, 4) metamyelocyte, 5) band cell precursors |
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Definition
| the 5 granulocyte developmental stages |
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Term
| 1) lymphoblast, 2) prolymphocyte |
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Definition
| the 2 lymphocyte developmental stages |
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Term
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Definition
| readily stained red or reddish-orange with acid dyes |
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Term
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Definition
| a condition in which the red blood cells are of unequal size; some species may have natural variation in the size of their RBCs (example: rabbit) |
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Term
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Definition
| a condition in which poikilocytes are observed in the blood; some species may have naturally occurring poikilocytes (example: pig) |
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Term
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Definition
| abnormally shaped red blood cells |
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Term
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Definition
| the lighter-staining area in the center of mammalian red blood cells; results from the close association of the membranes in the middle of the cell, which is caused by the cell's biconcave, anuclear nature; most prominent in the dog and absent in the llama |
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Term
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Definition
| arrangement of RBCs in a roll or column, similar to a roll of coins; more commonly observed in horses, but also occurs occasionally in cats and other species; related to differences in charges at the RBC surface |
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Term
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Definition
| random, disorganized clumping arrangement of RBCs, appears similar to a bunch of grapes; occurs when antibodies on one RBC bind to antigen on other RBCs, forming globular, amorphous aggregates of RBCs; can be differentiated from rouloux with a saline dilution test |
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Term
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Definition
| the largest WBCs observed in peripheral blood |
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Term
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Definition
| unlike mammalian RBCs, the RBCs of avian, reptile, amphibian and fish species are _____ |
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Term
| elliptocytes ("pencil cells") |
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Definition
| a nickname for oval, elliptical, and elongated RBCs; may be associated with various types of anemia, but it can also be the predominant cell type of a species (example: llama) |
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Term
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Definition
| RBCs with a biconcave, disc-like shape |
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Term
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Definition
| unusually large platelets |
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Term
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Definition
| increased numbers of polychromatophils in the blood (polychromasia); should appear in 48-72 hours of blood loss, with peak response in 5-7 days |
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Term
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Definition
| internal or external blood loss |
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Term
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Definition
| eccentrically-located basophilic clusters of DNA found in circulating RBCs; fragments of RBC nuclei after maturing erythroblasts expel their nucleus during periods of increased RBC production |
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Term
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Definition
| immature erythrocytes with an excessive membane; appear as either target cells (codocytes) or folded cells (bar cells) |
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Term
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Definition
| immature erythrocytes with an excessive membrane that have a dark central area surrounded by a clear area, which is then encircled by a dark peripheral region, giving the appearance of a target |
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Term
| nucleated red blood cells (nRBC) |
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Definition
| erythrocytes with small, round, central nuclei with coarse chromatin (rubricyte) or smooth pyknotic chromatin (metarubricyte); caused by marked regeneration, which may cause a change in bone marrow structure and release of these cells |
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Term
|
Definition
| irreversible nuclear shrinkage due to chromatin condensation |
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Term
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Definition
| RBCs being destroyed at an accelerated rate (intravascularly or extravascularly) |
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Term
| hemolytic anemia is generally capable of a GREATER regenerative response than acute blood loss anemia because of the way iron is handled |
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Definition
| hemolytic anemia is generally capable of a (greater/lesser) regenerative response than acute blood loss anemia because of the way iron is handled |
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Term
|
Definition
| faint blue-black dots evenly dispersed within erythrocytes due to unstable ribosomes that aggregate and precipitate during drying of the blood film; most commonly seen in ruminants with a regenerative response; may also be present in cases of lead poisoning |
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Term
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Definition
| small RBCs that are less than 2/3s the diameter of normal erythrocytes; spherical and not disc-shaped; lack central pallor and appear dense, often darker than discocytes |
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Term
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Definition
| lysed RBCs that appear as pale RBC membranes with minimal or no hemoglobin; suggests very recent intravascular hemolysis or in vitro hemolysis; if found in high numbers, strong support for IMHA |
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Term
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Definition
| singular, round projections from the RBC membrane; may be quite small or very large and prominent; stain the same red-pink color of mature RBCs with Wright stains, and stain pale basophilic with Diff-Quik stain; occur from oxidative injury resulting in denatured, precipitated hemoglobin that tends to adhere to the inner surface of RBC membranes; up to 5% of RBCs in normal cats contain these projections |
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Term
| eccentrocytes (hemighosts = "half ghosts") |
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Definition
| mature erythrocytes with hemoglobin concentrated on one side of the cell, leaving the opposite side pale; result from oxidative damage to the RBCs from ingestion of some exogenous substance (example: onions, garlic, acetaminophen, propylene glycol) |
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Term
| acanthocytes (spur cells) |
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Definition
| RBCs with multiple irregular projections that are randomly spaced around the external peripheral area of the cell; may occur in dogs and cats with liver, splenic, or renal disorders, vascular neoplasms (hemangiomas and hemangiosarcomas), and lymphoma |
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Term
| echinocytes (crenated erythrocytes, burr cells, berry cells) |
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Definition
| spiculated RBCs, typically with uniform, evenly spaced projections around the external peripheral area of the cell; can be related to hyponatremic dehydration, renal disease, certain drugs, and snake bite or bee sting envenomization |
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Term
| keratocytes (blister cells, helmet cells) |
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Definition
| mature erythrocytes that contain single or multiple, intact or ruptured, clear, peripheral circular areas; formed by RBC trauma, similar to schistocytes |
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Term
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Definition
| keratocytes containing intact clear circular areas |
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Term
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Definition
| keratocytes containing ruptured clear circular areas, resulting in one or two projections |
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Term
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Definition
| increased amount of central pallor and decrease in amount of hemoglobin |
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Term
| torocytes (punched out cells) |
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Definition
| cells that have an increased central pallor but a normal thick rim of hemoglobin around the peripheral area of the cell; frequently an artifact of blood film preparation |
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Term
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Definition
| mature erythrocytes of normal size and color but with an oval or stoma (mouth-shaped) area of central pallor; most commonly occur as artifacts |
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Term
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Definition
| RBC fragments, often irreglar and sometimes triangular in shape with pointed extremities; commonly seen with microangiopathic hemolytic disease |
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Term
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Definition
| tear-drop shaped mature erythrocytes |
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Term
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Definition
| large, diamond, rhomboid, rectangular, or square-shaped, intensely-staining crystals; seen most commonly in cats, rarely in dogs; no recognized significance has been reported |
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Term
|
Definition
| bone marrow is not responding after 48-72 hours |
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Term
| Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) |
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Definition
| describes the average size of RBCs in the blood; (HCT/RBC)*1000 |
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|
Term
| Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH) |
|
Definition
| describes the average amount of hemoglobin contained within each RBC; (HGB*10)/RBC |
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Term
| Mean Coruscular Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC) |
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Definition
| describes the concentration of hemoglobin in a given volume of packed RBCs; (HGB*100)/HCT% |
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