Term
| What is the most common foodborne infectious agent? |
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Definition
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Term
| Are bacteria or viruses the more common cause of foodborne illnes? |
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Definition
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Term
| In the US, foodborne diseases affect 1 in ___ Americans each year. How many die a year? What is the most common cause of death? |
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Definition
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Term
| How are foodborne diseases transmitted? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are some of the points along the food chain that can lead to foodborne pathogen transmission? |
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Definition
-on the farm or in the field
-at the slaughter plact
-during processing
-at the point of sale
-in the home |
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Term
| Are most microflora aerobic or anaerobic? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the most common facultative anaerobic enteric commensal? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the attaching-effacing E. coli? |
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Definition
-enteropathogenic (EPEC)
-enterohemorrhagic (EHEC) |
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Term
| What causes the human disease in response to E. coli O157? What is that disease? |
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Definition
-shiga toxin
-Hemorrhagic colitits |
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Term
| What is the primary source of E. coli O157 to humans? |
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Definition
-mostly cattle (ground beef)
-also in water, veggies, and fruit |
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Term
| What characterizes Virulent Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC)? |
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Definition
| -Shiga toxin, Locus of Enterocyte Effacement (LEE), intimin, LPS |
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Term
| Cattle are asymptomatic intermittent shedders of E. coli O157. What is their resultant nickname? |
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Definition
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Term
| In which season is E. coli O157 transmission the highest? Why? |
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Definition
-summer
-on feed, close together, in summer months |
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Term
| What is responsible for E. coli O157 attachement? Do we have vaccines for this? |
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Definition
-intimin
-yes, but efficacy unknown |
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Term
| What is the biological location of O157 E. colli? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the standard diagnostic method of E. coli O157 |
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Definition
| -clinical microbiology (SMAC) |
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Term
| What are the rapid methods of diagnosing E. coli O157? |
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Definition
| -O-antigen, shiga toxin genes |
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Term
| What is the incuvation period of E. coli O157? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the clinical signs of E. coli O157 Hemorrhagic Colitis? |
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Definition
| -watery and/or blood diarrhea, abdominal cramping, no fever or vomiting |
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Term
| How do we treat E. coli O157? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the general infective dose of E. coli O157? |
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Definition
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Term
| What syndrome does E. coli O157 cause in cheldren? What are the symptoms? |
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Definition
-Hemolytic-Uremic syndrome: child renal failure
-Symptoms: microangiopathic anemia, uremia, thrombocytopenia |
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Term
| What is the #1 cause of renal failure in children <5 years old? |
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Definition
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Term
| What age group of cattle is susceptible to E. coli O157? Why? |
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Definition
-calves up to 3w
-cattle >3w are not susceptible to the effects of Shiga toxin |
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Term
| What is the difference b/c STEC and EHEC? |
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Definition
-STEC = Shiga-Toxigenic E. coli = must possess and express Shiga toxin
-EHEC = Enterohemorrhagic E. coli = msut cause hemorrhage |
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Term
| Is salmonella gram negative is gram positive? |
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Definition
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Term
| What family is Salmonella in? what kind of fermentation do they undergo? |
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Definition
-Enterobacteriaceae
-lactose non-fermenters |
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Term
| What are the 2 species of Salmonella? How are they serogrouped? |
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Definition
-Salmonella enterica
-Salmonella bongori
-serogrouped with polyclonal antisera |
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Term
What is the host of the following host-adapted strains:
a) S. Cholerasuis
b) S. Dublin
c) S. Gallinarum
d) S. Pullorum
e) S. Typhi |
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Definition
a) swine
b) cattle
c) poutlry, fowl typhoid
d) poultry, Pullorum disease
e) Humans, Typhoid fever |
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Term
| Which strain of Salmonella is the most ubiquitous? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the salmonella strain of eggs? |
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Definition
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Term
| How is Salmonella transmitted? |
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Definition
-fecal-oral route
-via eggs, food, and water |
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Term
| Generally describe the pathogenesis of Salmonella Enteritis? |
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Definition
-invasion of epi of ileum and colon throught the M cells of the Peyer's patches => replicate in the vacuoles of epi cells
-can invade lamina propria and adjacent cells |
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Term
| What are the clinical signs of Salmonellosis in mammals? |
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Definition
-watery diarrhea that may contain mucous, fibrin, blood, mucosal flecks, and sometimes casts
-Septicemia: acute onset of fever and depression with or withou diarrhea
-most often seen in young animals but can occur in any age |
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Term
| Which reptiles are affected by Salmonella? |
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Definition
| -turtles/tortoises, snakes, lizards, chameleons and iguanas |
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Term
| Reptiles affected by Salmonella are usually asymptomatic but can have other symptoms can occur? |
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Definition
| -septicemia, osteomyelitis, osteoarthritis, subcutaneous abscesses |
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Term
| How do we diagnose Salmonella wiht a culture? |
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Definition
| -culture feces, intestines, mesenteric lymph nodes, lung/liver/spleen from septicemia, blood cultures |
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Term
| Why do we use serology for the diagnosis of Salmonella? |
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Definition
| -Pullorum Disease in Poultry |
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Term
| How do we treat Salmonella? |
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Definition
| -antimicrobials for septicemia or enteritis cases |
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Term
| How do we control Salmonellosis? |
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Definition
-minimize environmental contamination
-locate and eliminate the source of the organism
-minimize stress placed on the animals
-vaccines and competitive exclusion: poultry |
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Term
| What are the big 4 Salmonella serovars in man? |
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Definition
| -Enteritidis, Typhimurium, Newport, Heidelberg |
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Term
| What are the symptoms of salmonellosis in man? |
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Definition
| -diarrhea, nausea, abdominal pain |
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Term
| What is the incubation period of Salmonellosis in man? |
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Definition
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Term
| What age groups of man are at an increased risk of Salmonellosis? |
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Definition
| -younger children and elderly but higher mortality in elderly |
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Term
| How do we treat Salmonellosis in man? |
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Definition
| -supportive care and antibiotics |
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Term
| What are the common food sources of Salmonella in man? What about pets? |
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Definition
-raw poultry, eggs, milk, beef, peanut butter, unwashed fruit, alfalfa sprouts
-snakes, turtles, lizards, poultry |
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Term
| How is DT 104 pentaresistant? |
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Definition
| -tetracyclines, sulfonamides, ampicillin, streptomycin, chloramphenicol |
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Term
| What is Reiter's Syndrome? |
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Definition
-reactive arthritis that is auto-immune/post-infectious
-GI infections often rpecede: Salmonella, Camylobacter, Cyclospora |
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Term
| What are the two Campylobacter species that we are concerned with? |
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Definition
| -Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli |
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Term
| Campylobacter is in the CAH complex. What does that mean? |
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Definition
-Campylobacter: reproductive and enteric
-Arcobacter: sporadic aboritons in cattle and swine
-Helicobacter: stomach/liver infection |
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Term
| Is Campylobacter gram negative or gram positive? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Describe the appearance of Campylobacter? |
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Definition
| -motile, curved rods that are gull shaped |
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Term
| Why are Campylobacter species referred to as thermophilic? |
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Definition
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Term
| True or False: Many animals carry Campylobacter spp in the GI tract. |
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Definition
| -TRUE for dogs, cats, ruminants, swine, birds |
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Term
| Are animal campylobacter infections usually clinical or subclinical? |
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Definition
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Term
| How do we treat animal Campylobacteriosis? |
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Definition
| -Erythromycin for 7-14 days to eliminate shedding (also use enrofloxacin) |
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Term
| Approximately people get zoonotic campylobacteriosis each year? High mortality? |
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Definition
-2.4 million
-very few deaths |
|
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Term
| What syndrome can zoonotic Campylobacteriosis lead to? |
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Definition
| -Guillain-Barre syndrome which leads to acute paralysis from autoimmune attack of host cells in response to LOS endotoxin |
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Term
| What are the common sources of Campylobacteriosis? |
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Definition
| -raw or undercooked poultry, non-clorinated water, raw milk, infected animal or human feces |
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Term
| What are the clinical signs of Campylobacteriosis and how long do they last? |
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Definition
-diarrhea, abdominal cramps, fever, nausea
-last for 2-5 days |
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Term
| What is the causative agent of Listeriosis? Is it gram negative or positive? Shape? |
|
Definition
-Listeria monocytogenes
-gram positive
-small, nonsporeforming rod |
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Term
| What are the 3 disease syndromes that result from Listeria monocytogenes? |
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Definition
-neural form: meningoencephalitis in ruminants
-visceral form: seen in neonates
-sporadic abortions in ruminants |
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Term
| What are the common names for meningoencephalitis in ruminants due to Listeria monocytogenes infection? |
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Definition
| -circling disease or silage disease |
|
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Term
| What are the general characteristics of Listeria? |
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Definition
-tough bug
-fairly resistant to heat
-optimum pH is 5-9
-can replicate at near freezing temperatures |
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Term
| Describe the pathogenesis of Listeria? |
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Definition
| -ingestion => invasion through intestinal epithelium => bacteriemia=? subclinical infection or abortion or CNS dz in ruminants |
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Term
| Describe circling disease or silage disease? |
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Definition
| -when a Listeria bacteremia results in the formation of unilateral focal microabscesses |
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Term
| In what common ways are humans infected with Listeria? |
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Definition
-raw milk or cheese
-chilled sausage
-improperly pasteurized milk
-contaminated raw veggies
-meningoencephalitis
-occupational |
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Term
| How do we treat zoonotic Listeria? |
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Definition
-Ampicillin
-need proper cooking and storage of food |
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Term
| What fetal lesions result from Listeria? |
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Definition
| -hepatic necrosis and meningitis |
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