Term
| 1. (4) The endocytotic process that results from invagination of portions of membrane containing receptors that have bound specific extracellular molecules is called _____________. |
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Definition
| Receptor-mediated endocytosis |
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Term
| 3. (3) When a virus progresses toward cell lysis, rather than dormancy within the host genome, this is called the _________ phase. (lysogenic/lytic) |
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Definition
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Term
4. (15) Give the stage of mitosis or meiosis where each of the following occur (if it happens in more than one stage, or more than one process, give all that apply):
Formation of chiasmata:
Separation of sister chromatids:
Alignment of homologous chromosomes on the metaphase plate:
Reformation of the nuclear envelope:
Segregation of alleles: |
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Definition
Formation of chiasmata: prophase I
Separation of sister chromatids: anaphase, anaphase II
Alignment of homologous chromosomes on the metaphase plate: metaphase I
Reformation of the nuclear envelope: telophase, telophase II (sometimes telophase I)
Segregation of alleles: anaphase I |
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Term
| 5. (4) An albino lacks a functional tyrosinase gene and therefore can make no pigment. They will have pink eyes, independent of whether they carry the alleles for blue or brown eyes. This is an example of ___________. |
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Definition
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Term
| 6. (9) Describe process of separating two daughter cells from each other during mitosis in animals. What is the generic term for this process of cytoplasmic division? |
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Definition
| This is cytokinesis. A microfilament ring forms around the cell at the location of the metaphase plate. The actin is constricted, forming the cleavage furrow. This constriction continues until the two cells are pinched off from each other. |
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Term
| 7. (7) Name and describe the reaction that uniquely plays a part in the replication of retroviral genetic information. (include the nature of the information source and the raw materials used to carry out the reaction) |
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Definition
| The replication of retroviruses is unique in carrying out reverse transcription, the production of DNA from an RNA template. The enzyme reverse transcriptase uses the viral genome RNA as its template, and links complementary dNTPs to make a DNA copy. |
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Term
| 8. (16) Use the appropriate scientific terminology to describe a spherical bacterium that can tolerate but does not require oxygen and is visibly pink following Gram staining. What is the structure of its cell wall? Give one additional trait that might be used to distinguish this bacterium from other species. |
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Definition
This describes a coccus (plural cocci) that is a Gram negative facultative anaerobe. Its cell wall consists of a thin layer of peptidoglycan, and a second outer lipid bilayer.
Other characteristics: carbon fixation, nitrogen fixation, number and/or placement of flagella, capsule formation, spore formation, etc |
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Term
| 9. (4) A protein destined for the any part of the endomembrane system will first enter at what organelle? |
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Definition
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Term
| 10. (4) The dominant trait can be determined by evaluating which trait is most common in the population. Is this correct or not? If not, why not. |
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Definition
| False. The predominance of a trait in a population is due to natural selection, which trait gives a reproductive advantage to its carrier. This can be different in different populations, but has no relationship to the genetics of the trait – a dominant trait can be either favorable or disadvantageous. |
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Term
| (4) The dominant trait can be determined by carrying out a test cross. Is this correct? If not, why not. |
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Definition
| False. A test cross refers to a specific cross used to determine the genotype of an individual with the dominant phenotype, by breeding with a homozygous recessive and looking to see if the traits are 100% dominant or 50/50. As such, you already know which is dominant when you set up the test cross. |
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Term
| 11. (12) For each of the following name the primary component and one cellular activity that they carry out: microtubule, microfilament. |
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Definition
Microtubule: tubulin, cell structure, flagella & cilia, mitotic spindle, vesicle movement, cell movement
Microfilament: actin, cell structure, constriction, movement, pseudopodia, etc. |
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Term
| 12. (10) A colorblind man with blood type O and heterozygous for the dominant brown hair and detached earlobes can produce what possible gametes? (list all, define allele designations) |
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Definition
XcY - Xc is affected phenotype
ii – i is the recessive allele for blood group (O)
Bb – B is brown hair
Dd – D is detached earlobes
XciBD YiBD
XciBd YiBd
XcibD YibD
Xcibd Yibd |
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Term
| 13. (5) On which side of the Golgi apparatus do proteins enter? Where are they coming from? |
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Definition
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Term
| 14. (3) A membrane protein binds to an extracellular signal sent through the circulation from a distant site. This is an example of (autocrine/endocrine/exocrine/paracrine) signaling. |
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Definition
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Term
| (3) The binding leads to the opening of a protein transmembrane channel, through which calcium ions flow down a pre-existing concentration gradient. This motion of calcium is (active transport, facilitated diffusion, simple diffusion). |
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Definition
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Term
| (3) The calcium diffuses through the cytoplasm to change behavior of cytoplasmic and nuclear proteins. Thus calcium plays the role of __________________. |
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Definition
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Term
| (3) The calcium even flows via protein connections through cell walls and into adjacent plant cells. These connections are (desmosomes, gap junctions, plasmodesmata, tight junctions). |
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Definition
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Term
| 15. (12) Give the three types of microtubules in the mitotic spindle, and what each does. |
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Definition
Kinetochore – attach to the kinetochore, align chromosomes at metaphase plate and provide conduit for their separation
Overlapping – overlap with overlapping microtubules from opposite mitotic spindle, align mitotic spindle on opposite sides of cell, push centrosomes away from each other in anaphase B
Aster – tether centrosome to the plasma membrane, draw them toward the plasma membrane in anaphase B |
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Term
| 16. (9) Describe in precise detail, using appropriate terminology, the process by which a bacterium transfers its F factor to a recipient. This is an example of which of the following? (conjugation, transformation, transubstantiation, transduction) |
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Definition
A F+ bacterium carries out conjugation by separating off one strand of the F-plasmid and feeding it through a sex pilus to the F- recipient, while synthesizing a new strand to replace the old. The recipient cell receives the ssDNA, circularizes it and synthesizes the other strand to make an intact F-plasmid.
(Note: Hfr does not transfer the F-factor, only F+ does) |
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Term
| 17. (10) Name and explain Mendel’s two Laws of Genetics. |
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Definition
Law of Segregation: the two alleles of a gene in a diploid organism will separate into different gametes. Each progeny of a mating will thus receive a single allele from each parent.
Law of Independent Assortment: In each generation the alleles of different genes will assort randomly, with no relationship to each other. This means that there is the same likelihood of reproducing the parental combination of alleles as creating a novel combination. |
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Term
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Definition
2. (10) What is the most likely mode of inheritance of the trait in the following pedigree:
autosomal recessive
Using the letter ‘a’ for the trait, what are the genotypes of the following persons (if ambiguous, give all possibilities):
I.3 AA or Aa II.1 Aa III.10 aa |
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