Term
| Types of DSM-5 Depressive Disorders |
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Definition
Major Depressive Disorder
Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia)
Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder |
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Term
| Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder Symptoms |
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Definition
-Severe temper outbursts inconsistent with developmental level.
-3 times/week
-Irritable/angry in between outbursts.
-Present for at least 12 months |
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Term
| Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder Age of Onset |
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Definition
| Age of onset before 10 years old |
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Term
MDD and Life Stress:
Context |
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Definition
| how does event fit into larger life picture |
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Term
MDD and Life Stress:
Meaning |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| life stress becomes less critical for onset of MDD as # of episodes increases |
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Term
| Causal Direction of MDD and Life Stress |
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Definition
2/3: life stress --> MDD
1/3: MDD --> life stress |
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Term
| Reciprocal gene-environment interaction |
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Definition
| genetic vulnerability leads to personality that chooses high-risk situations; independent vs. dependent life stress |
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Term
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Definition
-Electroconvulsive therapy
-Cognitive therapy
-Cognitive Behavioral therapy
-Medications |
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Term
| Cognitive Therapy and MDD |
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Definition
-Examine thought processes while depressed and correct errors.
-Don't replace with positive thoughts, but more accurate thoughts.
-Increase activity to counteract anhedonia. |
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Term
|
Definition
-Most widely studied form of therapy
-Effective (not clear why it works)
-Controversial whether it works for severe depression. |
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Term
|
Definition
-Tricyclics
-Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)
-Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) |
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Term
| Efficacy of tricyclics for MDD |
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Definition
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Term
| Efficacy of MAOIs for MDD |
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Definition
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Term
| Efficacy of SSRIs for MDD |
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Definition
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Term
| Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) |
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Definition
-Effective treatment for severe depression.
-Approx. 8/10 respond.
-Some memory problems (1/3 of patients), but short-lived
-80% of patients satisfied |
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Term
| Bipolar I Disorder defining features |
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Definition
| Alternating manic and depressive episodes |
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Term
|
Definition
-Abnormally elevated mood (at least one week)
-Inflated self-esteem (grandiosity)
-Racing thoughts
-Highly goal directed
-Decreased need for sleep
-Pressured speech
-Easily distracted
-Pleasurable activities with high risk for negative outcomes |
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Term
| Bipolar Disorder prevalence and cost |
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Definition
-U.S. Prevalence: 1-2% lifetime
-Cost: $45 billion
-Recurrent episodes the rule |
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Term
| Biological Cause of Bipolar Disorder |
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Definition
-BD appears to be heritable.
-Twins concordant for mood disorder (MDD or bipolar), 80% concordant for polarity.
-Unique genes for MDD and BD? |
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Term
| Environmental Predictors of Bipolar Symptom Course |
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Definition
-Stressful life events
-Positive life events: Goal attainment
-Family functioning (EE) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Critical, hostile, or emotionally overinvolved attitudes toward a family member with a psychiatric disorder |
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Term
| Types of Treatments for Bipolar Disorder |
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Definition
-Family Focused treatment
-Crisis Management
-Medications |
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Term
|
Definition
| focused on communication in family |
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Term
|
Definition
| designed to emulate community care |
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Term
| Medications for Bipolar Disorder |
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Definition
-Lithium
-Anticonvulsant lamotrigine (lamictal)
-Anticonvulsants: Divalproex (depakote)
-Antidepressants: Carbamazepine (tegretol) |
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Term
| Anticonvulsant lamotrigine |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| Major DSM-5 Eating Disorders |
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Definition
-Anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa
-Pica
-Rumination disorder
-Avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder
-Binge eating disorder |
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Term
| Binge Eating Disorder 2 defining factors 1 x a week for 3 months |
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Definition
-Eating a much larger amount of food than most people.
-Not being able to control overeating. |
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Term
| Binge Eating Disorder at least three of these symptoms |
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Definition
-Eating more rapidly than normal
-Eating until uncomfortably full
-Eating large amounts when not hungry
-Eating alone because embarrassed about amount eating
-Feeling disgusted/guilty with self
-Marked distress about the binge eating |
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Term
| Anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa characteristics |
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Definition
-Severe disruptions in eating behavior
-Extreme fear and apprehension about gaining weight |
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Term
| Bulimia nervosa symptoms/characteristics |
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Definition
-Binge eating
-Compensatory behaviors (purging, excessive exercise, fasting)
-At least 1X a week for 3 months
-Self-evaluation is unduly influenced by body shape and weight |
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Term
|
Definition
| Self-induced vomiting, diuretics, laxatives |
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Term
| Bulimia Nervosa - Culture |
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Definition
-50 Egyptian women in London; 50 Egyptian women in Cairo; 12% in London had eating disorder, 0% in Cairo
-Eating disorders tend to be a Western phenomenon |
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Term
| Types of treatment for Bulimia Nervosa |
|
Definition
-CBT Treatment
-Medications |
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Term
| Bulimia Nervosa and CBT: Main goals |
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Definition
-Patient education
-Meal scheduling
-Cognitive therapy
-Coping strategies developed
-Short-term
-Large RCT examined CBT vs. psychodynamic |
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Term
Bulimia Nervosa and CBT:
Patient Education |
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Definition
-Physical consequences of binge eating
-Ineffectiveness of vomiting and laxative use for weight control |
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Term
Bulimia Nervosa and CBT:
Meal Scheduling |
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Definition
-5 or 6 small meals a day
-No more than 3 hours between meals |
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Term
Bulimia Nervosa and CBT:
Cognitive therapy |
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Definition
| Altering dysfunctional thoughts and attitudes about body shape, weight, and eating |
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Term
Bulimia Nervosa and CBT:
Coping strategies developed |
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Definition
-Don't spend time alone after eating.
-Strategies to deal with setbacks. |
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Term
Bulimia Nervosa and CBT:
Short-term treatment |
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Definition
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Term
| Bulimia Nervosa Medication |
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Definition
-Prozac: can even be helpful for people who don't respond to therapy
-Antidepressants work short-term (less evidence about long-term efficacy) |
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Term
| Anorexia Nervosa Characteristics |
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Definition
-Restriction of energy intake leads to low body weight (85% or less of what's expected)
-Intense fear of gaining weight
-Disturbance in the way in which one's body weight is experienced, undue influence on self-evaluation, low recognition about low weight |
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Term
| Anorexia Causes: Genetics |
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Definition
-Genetics clearly plays a role.
-Risk for relatives of anorexic patients 11.4 X greater than for relatives of healthy controls
-Young maternal age
-Lower gestational period |
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Term
| Anorexia Causes: Environment |
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Definition
-Family environment
-Weak positive correlation between childhood sexual abuse and anorexia
-Toxic family environment
-Dominant, intrusive, overbearing parents
-Poor conflict resolution
-Emphasis on dieting and thinness |
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Term
| Anorexia Nervosa Treatment |
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Definition
-Inpatient
-Below 70% of body weight
-Involuntary hospitalization not uncommon
-Few studies of outpatient anorexia treatments
-CBT better than nutritional counseling |
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Term
|
Definition
-Can be overweight without being obese
-Most common measure of obesity is BMI
-Based on height-weight ratio
-Not gender specific |
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Term
|
Definition
| excess of body weight compared to set standards |
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Term
|
Definition
| having abnormally high proportion of body fat |
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Term
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Definition
-Ideally <.8 for women and <1.0 for men
-Associated with reproductive functioning, health (diabetes, heart attack, stroke)
-Better predictor of health outcome than BMI |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-Americans spend $33 billion annually on weight loss
-Low-calorie foods, artificially sweetened products, and memberships to commercial weight-loss centers |
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Term
| Aerobics Center Longitudinal Study |
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Definition
-Fitness better predictor of mortality rate than BMI
-But both play a role in health outcomes |
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Term
Obesity Treatment:
Level 1 (<27) |
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Definition
-Self directed diet and exercise
-Physician counseling |
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Term
Obesity Treatment:
Level 2 (27-29) |
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Definition
-Self help program
-Commercial program
-Behavioral program |
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Term
Obesity Treatment:
Level 3 (30-39) |
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Definition
-Portion controlled, low cal diet (900-1200 cal/day)
-Pharmacotherapy |
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Term
Obesity Treatment:
Level 4 (40+) |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| pathological substance use that involved potentially hazardous behavior or continued use despite persistent social, psychological, occupational, or health problems |
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Term
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Definition
| -Usually involves tolerance and withdrawal |
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Term
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Definition
| Physiological need for increased drug amount to achieve same affect |
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Term
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Definition
| physical symptoms such as sweating or tremors upon discontinuation |
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Term
| Alcohol Dependence: Prevalence |
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Definition
| U.S. lifetime: 9% - 13.4% |
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Term
|
Definition
-alcohol-dependent people die 12 yrs earlier
-alcohol abuse: 37% comorbidity, especially depression
-gender ratio: 5:1 M/F |
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Term
| Brain Effects of Chronic Drinking |
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Definition
-larger ventricles
-less cortex matter |
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Term
|
Definition
| time when intoxicated person can't recall key details of events |
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Term
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Definition
-51% of college students report them
-Fragmentary more likely than en bloc
-Average 11.5 drinks
-Usually because of liquor |
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Term
| Alcoholism and Problematic Parenting |
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Definition
| Parental alcoholism --> ineffective monitoring, stressful events, negative affect --> Child's substance use |
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Term
| Social Cognitive Factors of Alcoholism |
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Definition
-Expectations of popularity/social success
-Tension reduction hypothesis - drinking to reduce stress
-Drinking to reduce tension actually increases tension next day |
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Term
|
Definition
-Medications
-AA
-Project MATCH
-Group therapy
-CBT treatments
-Motivational treatments |
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Term
Alcoholism Treatment:
Medications |
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Definition
-Antabuse: triggers vomiting after drinking
-Tranquilizers: valium, librium
-Naltrexone |
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Term
| Alcoholics Anonymous Facts |
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Definition
-Most popular form of treatment for alcoholism
-Somewhat controversial "12 step" program
-52,000 US groups (1.2 million members) |
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Term
|
Definition
-Alcoholism is a progressive, chronic illness
-Alcoholics have permanently lost the ability to control drinking
-Only viable alternative is total and lifelong abstinence
-Acceptance and reaching out to fellow alcoholics are key steps towards improvement
-Faith in a higher power is a key principle |
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Term
|
Definition
-Affiliation with AA after formal treatment is associated with positive drinking outcomes
-Higher commitment to abstinence
-Higher appraisal of harm from drinking
-Better self-efficacy to stop drinking |
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Term
|
Definition
-Largest clinical trial of psychotherapies ever.
-Three treatments
-CBT
-12 step program
-Motivational enhancement therapy
-All were equally effective |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
-Plant leaves are smoked.
-THC connects to cannabinoid receptors on nerve cells |
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Term
| Marijuana Characteristics |
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Definition
-Memory and learning problems
-Distorted perception
-Difficulty thinking and solving problems |
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Term
|
Definition
-Cerebellum
-Hippocampus
-Cerebral cortex
-Nucleus accumbens
-Basal ganglia |
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Term
|
Definition
| brain region associated with body movement and coordination |
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Term
|
Definition
| brain region associated with learning and memory |
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Term
|
Definition
| brain region associated with higher cognitive functions |
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Term
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Definition
| brain region associated with reward |
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Term
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Definition
| brain region associated with movement |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-THC binds to receptors that regulate balance, posture, coordination of movement, and reaction time
-6-11% of fatal accident victims test positive for THC |
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Term
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Definition
-Heavy marijuana use impairs ability to form memories, recall events, and shift attention
-Long-term heavy users' ability to recall words was impaired up to 1 week after they stopped using
-Measured problem solving and emotional skills of 8th and 12th graders
-Students drinking alcohol and smoking weed in 8th = higher problematic outcomes |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
-Powder or dissolved in water and injected
-Crack = less expensive, more potent form
-Interferes with reabsorption of dopamine and produces continuous high
-Highs range from 5 - 30 minutes |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
-Ingested, smoked, injected
-Gives very pleasurable high (or rush if smoked)
-Stimulates excess release of dopamine |
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Term
|
Definition
-12.3 million aged 12+
-5.2% of population
-Majority between 18-34
-2004: 6.2% of HS seniors reported use
-Seen a decline in use of 8th graders |
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Term
Montana Meth Project:
Before |
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Definition
-2005: Montana ranked #5
-50% of inmates were jailed for meth
-50% of foster care admissions |
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Term
Montana Meth Project:
After |
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Definition
-Montana is now #39
-Teen use down by 63%
-Adult use down by 72%
-Meth crime down by 62% |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
-Effects appear and leave quickly
-Surge of euphoria with warm flushing of skin, dry mouth, and heavy extremities |
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Term
| Opiate Addiction Treatment |
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Definition
-Compared to other forms of treatment, methadone:
-Lowers drug use, lowers medical comorbidity, lowers HIV transmission, lowers mortality, and improves social functioning |
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Term
|
Definition
-Sad mood
-Fatigue
-Weight gain
-Irritability
-Cold intolerance
-Slow speech |
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Term
|
Definition
| Thyroid can be small or large (goiter) |
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Term
| Stress in Caregivers for Alzheimer's Patients |
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Definition
-Take longer for wound to heal than control
-48 vs. 39 days
-Poorer immune functioning |
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Term
|
Definition
| deliberate, effortful, or long-lasting thinking about the death |
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Term
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Definition
| major shift in values, priorities, or perspectives in response to the loss |
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Term
| Cognitive processing study |
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Definition
-40 HIV+ males interviewed following loss of close friend to AIDS
-Health outcomes followed for 2 years
-Measured cognitive processing and discovery of meaning
-High cognitive processing and high discovery of meaning were best |
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Term
| Psychological Interventions and Health |
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Definition
-Mainly correlational studies up to this point.
-Psych interventions may help with cancer. |
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Term
|
Definition
-Acquired Immunodeficiency Virus
-High stress and low social support speed AIDS progression |
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Term
|
Definition
-Cognitive Behavioral Stress Management
-10 weekly meetings
-2.5 hours/week
-Stress management: change cognitive distortions, improve coping, assertiveness, anger management, and increase social support
-Relaxation: muscle relaxation, meditation, breathing, and guided imagery |
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Term
|
Definition
-Impaired consciousness and cognition during course of several hours or days
-10-30% of emergency room cases
-often co-occurs with dementia |
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Term
|
Definition
-Delirium from substances treated with haloperidol or other antipsychotics
-Haloperidol also given for acute delirium
-Psychosocial treatments
-Supportive treatment
-Familiar belongings |
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Term
|
Definition
-Alzheimer's disease
-All types result from death of nerve cells or loss of communication |
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Term
|
Definition
-Cortical
-Subcortical
-Progressive |
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Term
|
Definition
-"Deprived of mind"
-Loss of cognitive function beyond normal aging
-NOT a specific disease
-Collection of symptoms |
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Term
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Definition
-Drugs: don't halt it but slow its progression; cholinesterase inhibitors (aricept)
-Cognitive training
-Behavioral modification |
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Term
Alzheimer's Disease:
Prevalence |
|
Definition
-Most common cause of dementia in 65+
-4 million people in US
-10% over 65; 50% over 85
-360,000 Americans diagnosed/year
-50,000 die from it per year
-Average live 8 to 10 years after diagnosed (some up to 20)
-Die of aspiration pneumonia |
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Term
|
Definition
-Extreme shrinkage of cerebral cortex and hippocampus
-Severely enlarged ventricles |
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Term
|
Definition
-Cholinesterase inhibitors
-Slow breakdown of acetylcholine (NT used in formation of memories)
-Hippocampus and cerebral cortex, 2 brain regions affected by AD |
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Term
| Amnestic Disorder also called |
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Definition
| Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome |
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Term
| Amnestic Disorder Symptoms |
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Definition
| Profound difficulty recalling info presented several minutes earlier |
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Term
|
Definition
-Damage to the thalamus (relay station for other parts of the brain)
-Vitamin B-1 (thiamine) deficiency
-Associated with heavy alcohol use |
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