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EXAM 2
Organic Molecules and Carbohydrates,Lipids and Proteins,DNA STRUCTURE AND REPLICATION,PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
83
Microbiology
Undergraduate 2
10/04/2014

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Term
How many covalent bonds are formed by one carbon, and why?
Definition
4, b/c it has 4 valence electrons
Term
When a double covalent bond is formed, how many electrons are being shared?
Definition
4 (2 in each bond)
Term
Given a molecule that was drawn incorrectly, indicate which carbon does not have a sufficient number of bonds.
Definition
It is organic, because it has both hydrogen and carbon
Term
Given a molecular formula (such as CH4) identify the molecule as inorganic or organic.
Definition
It is organic, because it has both hydrogen and carbon
Term
Given an organic molecule (molecular or structural formula) indicate whether the molecule is hydrophobic or hydrophilic and why.
Definition
Hydrophilic – water loving(philic), soluble, polar
Hydrophobic – water fear (phobic), nonpolar,
Term
Given two molecules, identify whether they are isomers of each other and explain why.
Definition
Isomers - same molecular formula, different structure.
Term
Explain the importance of functional groups. Be able to identify and name all functional groups.
Definition
Functional group is important b/c it will make it easier to identify different organic molecules
Term
Macromolecule
Definition
very large molecules
Term
Dimer
Definition
two monomers or 2 sun-units combined by dehydration synthesis
Term
Polymer
Definition
3 or more monomers combined my dehydration synthesis
Term
Hydrolysis
Definition
break dimer into 2 monomers
Term
Monomer
Definition
single sub-units of larger molecules
Term
Dehydration synthesis
Definition
joins 2 monomers
Term
What are the four major categories of organic molecules, and what atoms are in each type?
Definition
Carbohydrates C H O
Lipids C H O
Protein C H O N S
Nucleic acid C H O N P
Term
What ratio of carbon: hydrogen: oxygen is typical of carbohydrates? Be able to recognize a carbohydrate from its molecular or structural formula.
Definition
1:2:1
Term
In comparison to carbohydrates, what atom is present in much lower quantities in lipids?
Definition
O
Term
Realize that in carbohydrates, monomers are called monosaccharides, dimers are called disaccharides, and polymers are called polysaccharides.
Definition
Term
List the five major monosaccharides, and for each indicate its molecular formula, where it is primarily found, and its major function. Hint: the name “Dr. Frugal Glue (a doctor who liked to buy cheap glue” may help you remember Deoxyribose, ribose, fructose, galactose and glucose.
Definition
Glucose C6H12O6 blood and cells energy
Fructo C6H12O6 fruit energy
Galactose C6H12O6 milk energy
Ribose C5H10O5 RNA heredity
Deoxyribose C5H10O5 DNA heredity
Term
List the 3 major disaccharides. For each indicate the 2 monosaccharides of which it is composed, and where it is found. Recognize that to digest monosaccharides into monosaccharides a hydrolysis reaction must occur, and a particular enzyme is required. To help you remember the disaccharides remember that Sue likes to go to downtown Columbia to visit the lake and the mall (sucrose, lactose, maltose).
Definition
1) Sucrose glucose– fructose plant table sugar
2) Lactose galactose – glucose milk
3) Maltose glucose – glucose degradation of starch
Term
Given a molecule that was drawn incorrectly, indicate which carbon does not have a sufficient number of bonds.
Definition
Carbon needs to have four bonds
Term
Given a molecular formula (such as CH4) identify the molecule as inorganic or organic.
Definition
It is organic, because it has both hydrogen and carbon
Term
Given an organic molecule (molecular or structural formula) indicate whether the molecule is hydrophobic or hydrophilic and why.
Definition
Hydrophilic – water loving(philic), soluble, polar (o,n) (ionic bond)

Hydrophobic – water fear (phobic), nonpolar,
Term
Given two molecules, identify whether they are isomers of each other and explain why.
Definition
Isomers - same molecular formula, different structure.
Term
Explain the importance of functional groups. Be able to identify and name all functional groups.
Definition
Functional group is important b/c it will make it easier to identify different organic molecules
Term
Macromolecule
Definition
very large molecules (polymer)
Term
Monomer
Definition
single sub-units of larger molecules
Term
Dimer
Definition
two monomers or 2 sun-units combined by dehydration synthesis
Term
Polymer
Definition
3 or more monomers combined my dehydration synthesis
Term
Describe the chemical reactions of dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis in terms of what occurs, and what is accomplished. (Which can bond together monomers? Which splits a dimer or polymer into monomers? Which utilizes a water molecule, which is split? Which forms a water molecule after an H and OH are removed from two monomers?)
Definition
Dehydration synthesis- joins 2 monomers

Hydrolysis- break dimer into 2 monomers
Term
What are the four major categories of organic molecules, and what atoms are in each type?
Definition
Carbohydrates C H O
Lipids C H O
Protein C H O N S
Nucleic acid C H O N P
Term
13. Realize that in carbohydrates, monomers are called monosaccharides, dimers are called disaccharides, and polymers are called polysaccharides.
Definition
monosaccharides
disaccharides
polysaccharides
Term
14. List the five major monosaccharides, and for each indicate its molecular formula, where it is primarily found, and its major function. Hint: the name “Dr. Frugal Glue (a doctor who liked to buy cheap glue” may help you remember Deoxyribose, ribose, fructose, galactose and glucose
Definition
Glucose C6H12O6 blood and cells energy
Fructose C6H12O6 fruit energy
Galactose C6H12O6 milk energy
Ribose C5H10O5 RNA heredity
Deoxyribose C5H10O5 DNA heredity
Term
15. List the 3 major disaccharides. For each indicate the 2 monosaccharides of which it is composed, and where it is found. Recognize that to digest monosaccharides into monosaccharides a hydrolysis reaction must occur, and a particular enzyme is required. To help you remember the disaccharides remember that Sue likes to go to downtown Columbia to visit the lake and the mall (sucrose, lactose, maltose)
Definition
1) Sucrose glucose – fructose Table sugar/plants
2) Lactose galactose – glucose milk sugar
3) Maltose glucose – glucose degradation of starch
Term
16. List the 4 major polysaccharides, and recognize that they are all composed of long chains (polymers) of glucose. For each indicate where it is found, its function, and whether it can be digested by animal enzymes. Also, explain how cows are able to obtain calories from cellulose even though they themselves do not produce the needed enzyme. To help you remember the polysaccharides, remember Glynda who liked to eat starch, but would also chew on celery (glycogen, starch, chitin, cellulose).
Definition
Starch -plant/bread/potatoes!
Glycogen -animals (liver, muscle cell)
Chitin -indigestible by animal (beetles shell) fibers that gives structural support to exoskeleton
Cellulose- not indigestible by animal fibers that gives structural support to plant cell wall
Term
Chitin
Definition
indigestible by animal (beetles shell) fibers that gives structural support to exoskeleton
Term
Starch
Definition
plant/bread/potatoes
Term
Glycogen
Definition
animals (liver, muscle cell)
Term
Cellulose
Definition
not indigestible by animal fibers that gives structural support to plant cell wall
Term
Describe the basic structure of DNA. Why is called a double helix?
Definition
It called the double Helix because it is composed of two double strands wrapped around each other in a helical manner
Term
What is a nucleotide?
Definition
It serves as a building block of nucleic acids
Term
What are the 4 different nucleotides?
Definition
Adenine (A)
Guanine (G)
Cytosine (C)
Thymine (T)
Term
Which nucleotides are the purines and pyrimidine?
Definition
Purine A and G
Pyrimidine C and T
Term
What are the basic components of a nucleotide?
Definition
a. A sugar deoxyribose
b. A phosphate group
c. A nitrogen/nitrogenous base
Term
What enzyme is needed to unwind DNA?
Definition
Enzyme helicase
Term
What is the result of DNA replication?
Definition
2 identical DNA molecules
Term
Describe the process of DNA replication.
Definition
1.Hydrogen bond breaks

2.Free nucleotides are found to produce new strands of DNA
Term
What physical property do all lipids have in common? Why?
Definition
Hydrophobic, non-polar molecule
Term
What are the four major useful characteristics of fats and oils?
Definition
1)Compact energy storage
2)Aid in absorption and storage of fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K)
3) Fat provide heat insulation
4) Fat protects and cushion organs
Term
What building blocks or monomers compose a fat or oil?
Definition
Glycerol and fatty acids
Term
Be able to recognize each of the following from its structural formula: glycerol, fatty acid, saturated fatty acid, polyunsaturated fatty acid, monounsaturated acid.
Definition
Term
polyunsaturated fatty acid
Definition
Term
monounsaturated acid
Definition
Term
glycerol
Definition
Term
fatty acid
Definition
Term
saturated fatty acid
Definition
Term
What reaction is used to bond together glycerol to 3 fatty acids? What reaction is used to break apart a fat into glycerol and 3 fatty acids?
Definition
Dehydration-bond

3 hydrolysis- breaks
Term
Compare plant oils and animal fats in terms of which tends to be more saturated, which tends to be more unsaturated, which tends to be liquid at room temperature, and which tends to be solid.
Definition
Oil – unsaturated (liquid)

Fat- saturated (solid)
Term
At a molecular level, why is it that saturated fats tend to be more solid than unsaturated fats?
Definition
Saturated- no double bond in the hydrocarbon chain, fatty acids pack together and tend to be solid, high density, stick well, straight chains
Unsaturated – double bond between carbon and hydrocarbon chain, fatty acids tend to slide past each other and cannot stick together. Low density, liquid, don’t stack well, and bend
Term
What process is used to convert liquid vegetable oils to solid fats?
Definition
Hydrogenation process- use a catalytic process and hydrogen gas to hydrogenate the molecules
Term
What type of fatty acid is formed when the hydrogenation process occurs that may have an adverse affect on health?
Definition
Trans fatty acids
Term
List three major categories of lipids other than fats and oils?
Definition
Wax – protect ear form microorganisms, protect plants from losing water, bee (honeycomb)
Phospholipids – cell membrane is composed largely of phospholipid molecules
Steroids - Testosterone (male sex hormone), estrogen (female sex hormone),
Aldosterone (a hormone that regulates water balance)
Term
For phospholipids, what part of a cell do they compose?
Definition
Composed of cellular membranes, both plasma membrane and membranes in organelles
Term
For steroids, recognize that although they are varied in function (know examples), they have the same basic structure. What is the structure they have in common?
Definition
it has four rings
Term
Know that proteins are composed of polypeptides. Polypeptides are polymers of what type of monomer?
Definition
Amino acid
Term
What two functional groups are present in all amino acids?
Definition
Amino and carboxyl
Term
What is the part of the amino acids that varies?
Definition
R-group
Term
How many amino acids are in proteins in living organisms? Given a structural formula, recognize a molecule as an amino acid.
Definition
20
Term
By what processes are amino acids joined together and taken apart?
Definition
Dehydration synthesis
Term
What is the name of the covalent bond that is formed between 2 amino acids?
Definition
Peptide Bonds
Term
What determines the sequence of amino acids in proteins?
Definition
mRNA or DNA
Term
Describe the 4 levels of protein organization
Definition
Primary – sequence of amino acid and chain length (unstable, not fully function, found in ribosomes, nucleus
Secondary –coiling and pleated sheet (unstable and not function, find in ribosomes)
Tertiary – 3d (has function)
Quaternary- 2 or more proteins connected
Term
What does it mean to denature a protein? What factors can cause denaturation? Why does that explain how heat or changes in pH can kill organisms
Definition
Dentures- when a protein encounters an unpleasant environment, the protein change its shape by breaking the bond
Protein has a very specific temp, pH, and salt concentration
Term
What are the major examples of proteins and their functions?
Definition
Enzymes – responsible for all chemical reaction in cells (workers)
Collagen – it’s in protein in connective tissue (bone, Skin)
Hormones – they are chemical messengers for cells (insulin)
Hemoglobin – the protein in blood that carries oxygen
Term
What are the similarities and differences of DNA and RNA?
Definition
RNA - ribose, 1 strands, A,G,C,U
DNA - deoxyribose, 2 strands, A,G,C,T
Term
Describe and explain what is meant by transcription and translation.
Definition
Transcription is a copy inside and translation is outside the
Term
Indicate where and how translation and transcription occurs in eukaryotic cells.
Definition
Translation- Cytosol
Transcription- nucleous
Term
mRNA
Definition
carries message from DNA
Term
tRNA
Definition
rtansfers amino acids
Term
anticodon
Definition
opposite of codon (on tRNA)
Term
codon
Definition
every three (ex: AUG(always start from this) ccu etc)
Term
Be able to distinguish between each of the mutation outcomes.
Definition
Silent, nonsense, missense
Term
Predict the consequences of a mutation in a DNA molecule to the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide form.
Definition
Term
Explain what is meant by the concept “one gene-one polypeptide”.
Definition
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