Term
| Mexico's political system |
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Definition
| Federal Republic (since 1917). 31 states & federal district. |
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Term
| Mexico's executive branch |
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Definition
| president, elected by direct election with 6 year term. Reelection not permitted. |
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Term
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Definition
| Independent state and federal courts. Eleven justices appointed by president, approved by Senate |
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Term
| Mexico's legislative branch |
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Definition
| Bicameral. Senate (upper house) and Chamber of Deputies (lower house). Elections every 3 years. |
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Term
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Definition
Multiparty system. One-party dominant (Institutional Revolutionary
Party) system from 1929 until 2000. Major parties: National Action
Party, Institutional Revolutionary Party, & Party of the Democratic Revolution |
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Term
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Definition
An informal aspect of
policy-making in which
a powerful patron offers resources
such as land, contracts,
protection, or jobs in
return for the support
&services (such as labor
or votes) of lower-status
& less powerful clients;
corruption, preferential
treatment, & inequality are characteristic of
clientelist politics. |
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Term
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Definition
| Institutional Revolutionary Party. Coalition gov't. Focused on interests of the elite |
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Term
| South Africa's political system |
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Definition
| parliamentary democracy; federal republic |
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Term
| South Africa's executive branch |
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Definition
| president elected by parliament. President selects cabinet. |
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Term
| South Africa's regime history |
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Definition
Governed by an African National Congress–led coalition from 1994. Between 1910
&1994 governments were formed by parties representing a white minority
and were elected through racially restricted franchises. A British dominion until
1961 &then a republic. |
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Term
| South Africa's judicial branch |
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Definition
| Independent constitutional court with appointed judges. |
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Term
| South Africa's party system |
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Definition
Multiparty system. African National Congress predominates. Other important
parties: Democratic Alliance, Congress of the People, Inkatha Freedom Party,
United Democratic Movement, Freedom Front. |
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Term
| South Africa's admin. structures |
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Definition
Nine regional governments sharing authority with a national administration.
Regional governments have few exclusive legislative powers and can be
overridden on most issues by national legislatures. |
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Term
| South Africa's legislative branch |
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Definition
National assembly and regional legislatures elected on the basis of party list
proportional representation. |
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Term
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Definition
In Afrikaans, “separateness.” First used in 1929
to describe Afrikaner
nationalist proposals for
strict racial separation &
“to ensure the safety of
the white race.” |
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Term
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Definition
| Developed in early 1940's by National Party. Pass Laws (prevented blacks from traveling). Sharpeville massacre (peaceful protestors). Creation of "homelands." Segregation. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Poverty, gender/ race inequality, disputed elections, need for immigration reform, cartel&gov't. interactions |
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Term
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Definition
| Poverty, racism, weak political parties, gov't institutions that don't bridge gap <--> common good & party interest |
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Term
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Definition
| F. W. De Klerk--> legalized ANC. Freed Nelson Mandela. 1994: ANC wins elections, Mandela becomes president. |
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Term
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Definition
| African National Congress. Authoritarian tendencies. PR + “strong parties” + HUGE ANC majority = relative lack of electoral accountability for elected officials |
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Term
| Nigeria's political system |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Democratic government took office in May 1999, after sixteen years of military rule. Most recent national elections were held in 2011. |
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Term
| Nigeria administrative structure |
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Definition
a federation of thirty-six states, plus the Federal Capital Territory (FCT) in
Abuja. |
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Term
| Nigeria legislative branch |
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Definition
| Bicameral civilian legislature. 109 senators elected on equal representation from states. 360 members of the House of Representatives are elected from singlemember districts. |
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Term
| Nigeria's executive branch |
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Definition
| U.S.-style presidential system. Federal in structure--unitary in operation. |
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Term
| Nigeria's judiciary systems |
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Definition
Federal, state, and local court system, headed by the Federal Court of Appeal and
the Supreme Court, which consists of fifteen appointed associate justices and
the chief justice. States may establish a system of Islamic law (shari’a) for cases
involving only Muslims in customary disputes (divorce, property, etc.). Most
Nigerian states feature such courts, which share a Federal Court of Appeal in
Abuja. Non-Muslim states may also set up customary courts, based on local
traditional jurisprudence. Secular courts retain supreme jurisdiction if conflict
arises between customary and secular courts. |
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Term
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Definition
Nearly fifty parties have been registered by the Nigerian electoral commission
since 2002. The largest are the People’s Democratic Party (PDP), the All Nigerian
People’s Party (ANPP), the Action Congress of Nigeria (ACN), and Congress for
Progressive Change (CPC). |
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Term
| General problems facing African nations |
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Definition
-Lasting legacy of colonial rule by European powers
-Problems of national identity caused by largely random borders laid down during colonial rule
-Most African government struggle to achieve/maintain legitimacy and accountability
-Scarcity and weak institutions make democratic governments susceptible to authoritarian impulses |
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Term
|
Definition
| Most populous African nation. Transitional democracy. Population split between Muslims and Christians. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Colony of Britain. Random borders. Freedom in 1960s. Parliamentary system adopted. Revolution in 1966-- democratic rule. Civil war: 1967-1970. Alternated between military & civilian rule from 1970-1999 |
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Term
|
Definition
| HIV & infant mortality. Fraud/mismanagement of oil& natural resources--> 90% of population live in worst poverty in world. Prebendalism. |
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Term
|
Definition
the disbursing of public offices and state rents to one’s ethnic clients. It is an extreme form of clientelism that refers to the practice of mobilizing
cultural and other sectional identities by political aspirants and officeholders for the
purpose of corruptly appropriating state resources. |
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Term
| President Goodluck Jonathan |
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Definition
| Came from Nigerian Delta--> governor in 2005, vice president 2007, acting president 2010, elected to presidency in 2011. |
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Term
| Nigerian ethnic differences |
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Definition
| “North/South” cleavage is most acute- North tends to be more Muslim, traditional, agrarian; South tends to be more Christian, industrial, modern |
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Term
|
Definition
Has president, however: political power lies with Supreme Leader and various theocratic councils
Leader &councils not only make many major decisions, they also decide who can run in elections |
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Term
|
Definition
| Islamic Republic since the 1979 Islamic Revolution. |
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Term
|
Definition
Centralized administration with 30 provinces. The interior minister appoints the
provincial governor-generals. |
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Term
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Definition
President and his cabinet. The president is chosen by the general electorate every
four years. The president chooses his cabinet ministers, but they need to obtain
the approval of the Majles (parliament). Ruled by theocracy, interpretation of Koran |
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Term
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Definition
| Unicameral. The Majles, formed of 290 seats, is elected every four years. |
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Term
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Definition
Chief Judge and a Supreme Court independent of the executive and legislature
but appointed by the Leader. |
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Term
|
Definition
| ruling clergy restricts most party and organizational activities. |
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Term
| Industrial products of Iran |
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Definition
| Coal, iron ore, steel, cement, sugar, tractors, motor vehicles |
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Term
| Germany's political system |
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Definition
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Term
| Germany's admin. structure |
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Definition
| Federal, with sixteen states. |
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Term
| Germany's executive branch |
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Definition
Ceremonial president is the head of state, elected for a five-year term (with a twoterm limit) by the Federal Convention. Chancellor is head of government and is
a member of the Bundestag and a leader of the majority party or coalition. |
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Term
|
Definition
Bicameral. Bundestag (622 members after 2009 federal election) elected via
dual-ballot system combining single-member districts and proportional
representation. Upper house (Bundesrat) comprised 69 members who are
elected and appointed officials from the 16 states. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Autonomous and independent. The legal system has three levels |
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Term
|
Definition
Multiparty. Major parties are Christian Democratic Union (CDU), Christian Social
Union (CSU), Social Democratic Party (SPD), the Greens, Free Democratic Party
(FDP), and Left Party (die Linke). |
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Term
| Weimar Republic (1918-1933) |
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Definition
| Replaced Second Reich. Militant SPD took control after WW1, surrendered to Allies. |
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Term
| German Unification (1990) |
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Definition
| Happened quickly. East German technology was behind. Increase of taxes & unemployment. Economic depression. |
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Term
|
Definition
The 17 members of
the EU (out of 27 total
members) who share a
common currency, the
euro. |
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Term
|
Definition
Parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy, in which the emperor
is merely a symbol of national unity. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Current constitution promulgated in 1946 and in effect since 1947. |
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Term
|
Definition
Unitary state, 47 units of intermediate-level subnational government
“prefectures,” and 1,790 lower-level units designated as city, town, or village. |
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Term
|
Definition
Prime minister selected by legislature; a cabinet of about twenty ministers
appointed by prime minister. |
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Term
| Japan's legislative branch |
|
Definition
| bicameral. House of councilors &house of representatives. |
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Term
|
Definition
Supreme Court has fifteen judges appointed by the cabinet, except the chief
judge who is nominated by the cabinet and appointed by the emperor |
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Term
|
Definition
One-party dominant (Liberal Democratic Party) from mid-1950s to
mid-1990s, evolving into a quasi-two-party system since. Major parties:
Liberal Democratic Party, Democratic Party of Japan, Clean Government
Party, Social Democratic Party, Japan Communist Party. |
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Term
| Mixed Member Proportional elections |
|
Definition
mixes the
proportional features of
a party list proportional
representation system
with the local representation features of a singlemember plurality system.
Under this mixed system,
each voter casts one
vote for a party list and
another for an individual
candidate in a singlemember electoral district. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Constitutionally a presidential system |
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Term
|
Definition
Re-formed as an independent state with the collapse of communist rule in
December 1991; current constitution since December 1993. |
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Term
|
Definition
Constitutionally a federal system, with eighty-three subnational governments;
politically centralized. |
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Term
|
Definition
Dual executive (president and prime minister). Direct election of president; prime
minister appointed by the president with the approval of the lower house of the
parliament (State Duma) |
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Term
| Russian legislative branch |
|
Definition
Bicameral. Upper house (Federation Council) appointed by heads of regional
executive and representative organs. Lower house (State Duma) chosen by direct
election, national proportional representation system with 450 deputies. |
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Term
| Russia's judiciary system |
|
Definition
| Independent constitutional court with nineteen justices |
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Term
|
Definition
| Dominant establishment party (United Russia) within a multi-party system |
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Term
|
Definition
The four main varnas are
the Brahmin, or priestly caste; the Kshatriya, or warrior and royal caste; the Vaishyas,
or trading caste; and the Shudra, or artisan caste. |
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Term
|
Definition
Gorbachev’s policy
of “openness,” which
involved an easing of controls on the media, arts,
and public discussion. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Parliamentary democracy and a federal republic. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
In 2009 the government was formed by the United Progressive Alliance; the
Congress Party is the single largest party in the government, and Manmohan
Singh is prime minister. |
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Term
|
Definition
Prime minister, leader of the party or coalition with the most seats in the
parliament. |
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Term
| India's legislative branch |
|
Definition
Bicameral, upper house elected indirectly and without much substantial power;
lower house, the main house, with members elected from single-member
districts, winner-take-all. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Independent constitutional court with appointed judges. |
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Term
|
Definition
Multiparty system. The Congress Party is the dominant party; the Bharatiya
Janata Party (BJP) is the major opposition party. |
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|
Term
| Brazil's political structure |
|
Definition
| Federal republic, presidential with separation of powers. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Democratic since 1946 with periods of military authoritarianism, especially 1964–1985. |
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|
Term
| Brazil's admin. structure |
|
Definition
Federal, with twenty-six states plus the Federal District, which also functions
as a state. |
|
|
Term
| Brazil's executive branch |
|
Definition
| President, vice president, and cabinet. |
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|
Term
| Brazil's legislative branch |
|
Definition
Bicameral: The Senate is made up of three senators from each state and from the
Federal District, elected by plurality vote for an eight-year term; the Chamber
of Deputies consists of representatives from each state and from the Federal
District, elected by proportional vote for a four-year term. |
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Term
| Brazil's judiciary system |
|
Definition
Supreme Court, High Tribunal of Justice, regional courts, labor courts,
electoral courts, military courts, and state courts. Judiciary has financial and
administrative autonomy. |
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Term
|
Definition
Multiparty system including several parties of the right, center-left, and left.
Elections are by open-list proportional representation. There is no restriction on
the creation and merging of political parties. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
fragmented
structure of the state
bureaucracy that allows
private interests to make
alliances with midlevel
bureaucratic officers. By
shaping public policy to
benefit these interests,
bureaucrats gain the
promise of future employment in the private sector |
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Term
| Proportional representation in Brazil |
|
Definition
Brazil’s PR system is open-list. On
electronic voting machines, voters cast their ballots for individuals not parties by
punching in the candidate’s electoral number. |
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