Term
| where did severe resource depletion occur during the roman times (2500 years BP |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where did resource depletion in medieval times? 1000 yr bp |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| who indicated the plentiful amount of green seat turtles in 1840 ft pierce Florida Indian river |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| when was the staller sea cow decline in the pacific |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when did the whales and pinepeds, otters, alligator and sea turtles decline? |
|
Definition
| from est market colonial establishment (1500-1700) till GLo1 (1900-1950) |
|
|
Term
| what was the first invertebrate to deplete from 1500-1950 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happened during the post-industrial revolution that made fish decline |
|
Definition
!.human population increased
2. stem engines made efficient trawling
3. fishing gear improvements (huge factory ship) |
|
|
Term
| how much did the global intake of animal protein go up? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how were increased demands for fish met after the 80s decline? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of pelagic fish are fully exploded because if trawling? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the three top pelagic fish fully exploited |
|
Definition
1. anchovia7.4
2.Alakan Pollock 2.7
3. Atlantic herring 2.5 |
|
|
Term
| what are he two reasons MSY Max sustainable yield are difficult to estimate |
|
Definition
| recruitment and natural mortality |
|
|
Term
| how many adult cod where fished in 1990s |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is fishing down the food web |
|
Definition
| occurs because large species are typically targeted first |
|
|
Term
| Assessments surveys show that show that as catches (biomass trends) increased& leveled off then |
|
Definition
the average
size has decreased and
number of collapsed taxa
has increased |
|
|
Term
| What are direct effects of predators |
|
Definition
| reducing prey by killing them |
|
|
Term
| what are risk effects caused by predators on prey? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happened when blacktip decline in coast of us? |
|
Definition
Cownose rays increased, and declined north Carolina bay scallops
Density ray pop increase and risk effect increased foraging by rays gaining access to previously dangerous spaces |
|
|
Term
| what is shifting baseline in fisheries? |
|
Definition
| each generation accepts stock size and species composition that occurred at beginning of their career |
|
|
Term
| what are two extremes in fishing practice? |
|
Definition
1 habitat destruction
2 overfishing beyond recovery limits |
|
|
Term
| Name a few destructive fishing practices |
|
Definition
1. explosive fishing
2. Muro-ami and kayakas
3.poisions
3. bottom trawling |
|
|
Term
| how long does it take orange roughy to mature? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name some inappropriate fishing practices |
|
Definition
1. beach Seining
2. large scale netting
3. purse seining for tuna
4. shark finning
5.fish spawning target
6. vulnerable habitats (Nursery area)
7. use of fish aggregating devices
8. Use of indestructible gear
9. spearfishing using scuba
10. destruction of competing sea life
11. live fish food trade |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
I (illegal) violating fishing laws
U (unreported) catches not reported for tax or limit evasion
U (unregulated)- fishing vessels not registered with any country to avoid law |
|
|
Term
| what does GESAMP stand for |
|
Definition
| Group of Experts on Scientific Aspects of Marine Environmental Protection- UN group |
|
|
Term
| In 1940s what was the pesticide used to irradiated pest, fleas carrying typhus and mosquitoes in Asia |
|
Definition
| DDT Dichloro- biphenyl Trichloroethane |
|
|
Term
| what is the term used when material is not excreted? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the term used when a material accumulates at higher levels of the food chain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| DDT is smallest ppm in _ and highest ppm in __ |
|
Definition
1. water( .0005)
2. fish eating birds ( 3-78ppm) |
|
|
Term
| how did DDT cause brown pelicans, bald eagle and osprey to become rare? |
|
Definition
| it made the eggs weak due to lack of calcium |
|
|
Term
| what does the term lipophilic xenobiotic describe? |
|
Definition
| bio concentration and bio magnification |
|
|
Term
| what are some sub lethal effect caused by synthetic organic chemicals? |
|
Definition
| impair reproduction, carcinogenic, mutagenic, teratogenic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where was PCB used in 1930 |
|
Definition
| electrical system, hyratic fluids, lubricating fluids, paint, paper production, caulking, sealants |
|
|
Term
| how long is the 1/2 life of PCB |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can cause 50% reduction in phytoplankton production? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what type of organometal is used as a stabilizer in production of silicones and polyurethane? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in 1947-1977 GE released up to 680 kg of PCBs where? |
|
Definition
| In Hudson river causing all fishing to be banned |
|
|
Term
| what two areas have the most PCB contaminants? |
|
Definition
1st barent sea
2nd Hudson bay |
|
|
Term
what Is the most toxic substance known?
the lethal does in guinea pigs is only 1microgramper kg body weight |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| accidently when creating herbicides, and wood and pulp processing |
|
|
Term
| what was tcdd called when used in Vietnam war |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are some problems heavy metals and trace elements cause fish? |
|
Definition
most bind to sulphur.
bind with sulfhydryl groups of proteins and enzymes.
Increase cell permeability |
|
|
Term
| where are the two major sources of mercury? |
|
Definition
| natural emissions and stationary fossil fuel combustion |
|
|
Term
| what is the major sources of lead? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the sources of cadmium |
|
Definition
| non-ferrous metal production |
|
|
Term
| what is the safe level of mercury in fish |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where does most of the oil put into the ocean environment come from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are examples of light and heavy petroleum oils? |
|
Definition
Light ( kerosene)
heavy (crude) |
|
|
Term
| deep ocean horizon spill occurred where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the main effects of dumping or runoff of waste water? |
|
Definition
1.human and marine life health effects
2. Nutrient enrichment and eutrophication
3. Physical smothering of marine life |
|
|
Term
| what did the un report as the #1 marine problem bc of impact to human health in 19990 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when was the clean water act put in place? |
|
Definition
| 1972 made it illegal to dump in ocean after 1981 |
|
|
Term
| what are some point sources of nutrient enrichment? |
|
Definition
1 domestic and industrial discharges
2 dumping at sea
3 ship discharges |
|
|
Term
| what are diffuse sources that carry ammonium nitrites and phosphates to the ocean? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are examples of HABs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when was the most red tides (20) reported on the south Africa coast? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when was the most red tides on the Tolo harbor? (16) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how far does the dead zone in gulf of Mexico stretch |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how many invasive species are there? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the major causes of invasive species? |
|
Definition
1 shipping 69%
2. aquaculture 41%
3. waterway changes 17
4. commerce
5. climate change |
|
|
Term
| explain the ecological impact scores of invasive species |
|
Definition
4- disrupts entire ecosystem
3 disrupts multiple species (wider ecosystem, keystone species, threatened species)
2. disrupts single species
1. little or no disruption |
|
|
Term
| score of caulerpa taxifolia "killer algae" |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| score crossostrea gigas pacific oyster |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| lessepsian migrant fishes score |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| who was the engineer of suez canal in 1869 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What has happeded to the migration of fish since the rising global temperatures? |
|
Definition
| Fish have started to move North |
|
|
Term
| does the red sea or Mediterranean have more endemic species? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where has the biggest increase in green house gases come from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where does methane gases come from? |
|
Definition
| landfills, coal mines oil and gas production |
|
|
Term
| what is greenhouse effect? |
|
Definition
| Rise in CO2 and other gases that causes the radiant energy to reflect back to the earth and cause global warming |
|
|
Term
| what are two direct consequences of rising Atmospheric CO levels? |
|
Definition
1 increase in ocean temp
2. increase in acidity |
|
|
Term
| what does co2 do to the PH scale #? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does rising temperature do to storm patterns? |
|
Definition
| Causes more shirt duration,stronger storms |
|
|
Term
| Describe the term sea surface anomalies |
|
Definition
| Increase in temp for some areas, causes decrease in temp in other areas depending on ocean circulation |
|
|
Term
| Why do the poles and tropics experience greater impacts from higher temp? |
|
Definition
1. because of sensitivity of polar ecosystems to sea ice retreat
2. pole ward migration of species
3. coral- algal symbiosis |
|
|
Term
| what is the best estimated global temp increase after the 21st century expected to be? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are some changes seen after 1950s globally? |
|
Definition
| Increase in species movement north, sea-grass loss, mangrove loss, cumulative hypoxic zones |
|
|
Term
| What is an example of a Physiological response to increased temo in a population and community |
|
Definition
| Distributional and dispersion, |
|
|
Term
| What does ocean acidification do to coral? |
|
Definition
| Makes it difficult to secrete and maintain their skeletons |
|
|
Term
| What does EBCS stand for? |
|
Definition
| Eastern Boundary Current system |
|
|
Term
| what current systems effect California current? |
|
Definition
ENSO (el nino south oscillation)
NPGO (North pacific Gyre oscillation),
PDO pacificc decadal oscillation |
|
|
Term
| During the study of ocean currents in California have led to declines in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In cali current what substances have increased and which have decreased? |
|
Definition
Increased: Inorganic C and N2O flux,
Decrease: O2 |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between Adaption and Acclimatization |
|
Definition
| Acclimatization is at individual level and adaption occurs at species level |
|
|
Term
| How do heterotrophs respond to change in environment |
|
Definition
| Raise respiratory demand, less energy for growth and reproduction |
|
|
Term
| How do ectothermic species systems of metabolic processes respond to change? |
|
Definition
| rise exponentially with temperature, Phytoplankton 37% increase with 2C |
|
|
Term
| What disease does oysters Perkins merinus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do minimum temperatures occur during sea anomalies? |
|
Definition
| mid latitudes between -60-60 |
|
|
Term
| What is the Atmospheric CO2 levels in 2014 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How much percentage of Biocarbonate, carbonate and Dissolve H+ is there when the PH is 8.1 |
|
Definition
| 90% biocarbonate, 9% carbonate,1% H+ |
|
|
Term
| what has caused the major increase in CO2 levels recently? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the ability to absorb CO2 depends on what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do solubility products (Ksp) depend on? |
|
Definition
| Temp, Salinity, Pressure, and mineral phase |
|
|
Term
| What is the relatively soluble form of CaCO3? |
|
Definition
| Argonite (it is 50% more soluble than calcite) |
|
|
Term
| why is the Indian and pacific oceans have more shallow aragonite and calcite saturation horizons than the Atlantic? |
|
Definition
| bc the longer deep water circulation pathways accumulate more Dissolved inorganic compounds from respired CO2 |
|
|
Term
| When are saturation states highest and lowest? |
|
Definition
HIGEST in shallow, warm tropical waters
LOWEST in cold high latitude regions and at depth |
|
|
Term
| what effects do increasing Dissolved H+ do to carbonates? |
|
Definition
| Decreases Carbonate ion concentration , |
|
|
Term
| what is closely proportional to salinity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does increasing pressure and decreasing temperate cause solubility |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when do calcifying organisms show reduced calcification rates? |
|
Definition
| when aragonate and calcite less than 1.0 |
|
|
Term
| by year 2100 how much %is the reduction in calcification rates expected? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens omega aragonite is less than 3.3? |
|
Definition
| carbonate accretion approaches zero or becomes negative |
|
|
Term
| what are some responses tropical corals have to reduced calcification? |
|
Definition
1 decreaced linear extention rates
2 reduce skeletal density
3. invest more energy into maintaining skeletal growth so less energy to reproduce |
|
|
Term
| what are limiting factors for corals to migrate to higher latitudes? |
|
Definition
| Aragonite saturation levels may only support calcification at lower latitudes |
|
|
Term
| how long do deepwater coral live? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what effects do increased acidification have on DEEPWATER coral? |
|
Definition
| causes depth distribution to contract |
|
|
Term
| what effect does acidification have on fish? |
|
Definition
30% decline in aerobic scope
resting o2 consumption increased
Max o2 consumption was lower |
|
|
Term
| What does lower PH levels do to fish nervous systems? |
|
Definition
Impaired olfactory systems
- at 2300 they were attracted to normally avoided stimuli |
|
|
Term
| what leads to a decrease in omega? |
|
Definition
| As CO2 goes up, bicarbonate increases, but carbonate DECREASES |
|
|
Term
| what happens when omega is GREATer than 1? |
|
Definition
| water is SATURATED in argonite and calcite so calcium can come out of solution and calcification CAN occur |
|
|
Term
| what happens when omega is LESS than 1? |
|
Definition
| water is UNSATURATED in aragonite or calcite so calcium in shells/skeletons gets dissolved back into water and calcification CAN NOT occur |
|
|
Term
| what are some observed physical changes that occur from increased upwelling wind stress |
|
Definition
1. surface warming
2 strengthening stratification
3. deepening thermocline |
|
|
Term
| what are some chemical changes due to increased temp and long term declines in dissolved oxygen? |
|
Definition
Increase in inorganic carbon and NO2,
Increase in primary production
Increase of larval and squid
Decrease in O2 and o2 dependent demersal fish |
|
|
Term
| what is minimata disease in japan caused from? |
|
Definition
| daily uptake of contaminated fish and shellfish |
|
|
Term
| what animals had the highest impacts as invasive species? |
|
Definition
crustaceans
Have highest numbers of species with a large geographical extent |
|
|
Term
| What does GMSA stand for? |
|
Definition
| Global Marine Species Assessment created 2005 |
|
|
Term
| what is the purpose of IUCN red list? |
|
Definition
•document species most in need of conservation
- provide a global index to monitor the status of the worlds biodiversity |
|
|
Term
| what % of marine species are on the red list? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two strategy's of GMSA? |
|
Definition
1. complete 20,000 red list assessments for whole marine Claude
2.Use biodiversity assessment unit methodology |
|
|
Term
| how does GMSA translate red list assessments to conservation actions on the ground? |
|
Definition
1. species specific conservation
2. regional conservation plans
3. Global policy |
|
|
Term
| what potion of the easter tropic pacific(ETP) fish are threatened? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where did the oil spill amoco cadiz occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where did the exxon oil spill occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What toxin lead to hearing damage in caetacceans? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What toxin causes imposex? |
|
Definition
|
|
