Term
|
Definition
| Epithelial, Connective, Nervous, and Muscular |
|
|
Term
| Epithelial Tissue (definition) |
|
Definition
| composed of layers of closely spaced cells that cover organ surfaces, glands, and serve for protection, secretion, and absorption. |
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|
Term
| Connective Tissue (definition) |
|
Definition
*More matrix than cell volume
*support, bind together, and protect organs |
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|
Term
| Nervous Tissue (definition) |
|
Definition
| Contains excitable cells specialized for rapid transmission of coded info to other cells |
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|
Term
| Muscular Tissue (definition) |
|
Definition
| Composed of elongated, excitable cells specialized for contraction |
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|
Term
| Any organ is going to have representatives of... |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Bone supports and protects the body and allows muscles to produce movement. |
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Term
|
Definition
| Epithelial tissues lining digestive system allows the body to absorb nutrients from the foods we eat. |
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Term
| Looking at tissue under the microscope (it contains) |
|
Definition
| Cells + extracellular matrix (extracellular material) |
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|
Term
| Many tissues have both ___ and ___ function. |
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Definition
| Structural and physiological |
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Term
| What contains protein fibers, water, minerals, nutrients, and waste products? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| On a microscope slide white, open space is what? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Skin, lining of digestive system, lining of lungs, lining of blood vessels are examples of what tissue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Function of the basement membrane? |
|
Definition
Biological glue to hold cells to connective tissue underneath.
*creates a barrier between two different environments
*exposed to outside environment/inside of body |
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|
Term
| Basement tissue is composed of? |
|
Definition
| collagen and variety of glycoproteins and proteoglycans. |
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|
Term
| What tissue has a layer of tightly bound cells that are one or more layers thick? |
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
thin, flat cell shape
(fried-egg) |
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Term
|
Definition
square or round
(hard boiled egg) |
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Function of squamous shape? |
|
Definition
| exchange of gases, nutrients, waste products |
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|
Term
| Where would one find cuboidal cells? |
|
Definition
| Found lining the ducts of many glands |
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|
Term
| Where are columnar shaped cells found? |
|
Definition
| Found in the lining of intestines with microvilli that increase surface area for absorption |
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|
Term
| Simple cells have how many layers? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Stratified contains how many layers? |
|
Definition
few to many layers of cells on top of each other.
*only bottom layer bound to basement membrane |
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Term
|
Definition
found in organs that stretch-cells expand
*bladder |
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|
Term
| Pseudostratified columnar |
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Definition
| All cells bound to cell membrane, but not all reach the surface. |
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|
Term
| What organ have simple cuboidal cells covering the many tubes that make up the whole organ? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| keratinized with no nuclei |
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|
Term
| Epithelial tissues are found where? |
|
Definition
| often found in lining, next to open spaces |
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|
Term
| Connective tissue is composed of... |
|
Definition
| dense fibers, extracellular material, few cells |
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|
Term
| Connection function of connective tissue |
|
Definition
| binds bones to muscles, bones to other bones, and keeps organs in place. |
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|
Term
| Support function of connective tissue |
|
Definition
| bones help support weight of body, cartilage supports structures |
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|
Term
| Protection function of connective tissue (physical) |
|
Definition
| delicate organs surrounded by bone and adipose tissue for protection |
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Protection function of connective tissue (immune) |
|
Definition
| WBcells and lymphatic organs are connective that protect the body from invasion by bacteria and viruses |
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|
Term
| movement function of connective cells |
|
Definition
| bones help body move with help of muscle, |
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|
Term
| storage and heat production function of connective tissue |
|
Definition
| adipose tissue stores energy for later use and preserves/generate heat. |
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|
Term
| transport function of connective tissue |
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Definition
| blood transports gases, nutrients, waste products, hormones to parts of the body. |
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|
Term
| all connective tissues have __, ___, and ___? |
|
Definition
| cells, protein fibers, and ground substance |
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|
Term
| Fibrous connective tissue |
|
Definition
| ligaments and tendons contain fibrous CT |
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Term
|
Definition
rubbery CT supports nose and ears
*found between bones
*smooth, resistant to abrasion |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Rigid CT protects body organs, supports weight of body, helps produce movement |
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Term
|
Definition
| fluid CT functions to transport materials throughout body and protect immune function through leukocytes (WBC) |
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|
Term
| blast is another term for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Leukocytes in fibrous connective tissue |
|
Definition
| monitors body for invasion and coordinates immune response |
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|
Term
| lymphocytes produce ____? |
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| proteins that recognize specific proteins on surface of invaders and "flag" them so macrophages can destroy them |
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Term
|
Definition
| phagocytic cells that look for, engulf, and destroy bacteria and viruses |
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|
Term
| Fibroblasts in Fibrous CT |
|
Definition
| large cells that produce the fibers and ground substance |
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Term
|
Definition
| fat cells designed to store large vacuoles of fat |
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|
Term
|
Definition
*made of protein called collagen
*strong and flexible
*major component of tendons and ligaments |
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|
Term
|
Definition
*collagen fibers coated with glycoproteins
*inside several organs for structural support |
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|
Term
|
Definition
*protein called elastin
*fibers can stretch and return to normal
*elasticity of skin and lung tissue |
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|
Term
| Ground substance of fibrous CT |
|
Definition
*fills space
*cushion and protect cells of CT
*negatively charged and attract Na+ and water |
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|
Term
| Ground substance in fibrous CT is composed of... |
|
Definition
| large carbohydrates, proteoglycans, and glycoproteins |
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
more ground substance than fibers and cells (open space)
*areolar, reticular, adipose |
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Term
|
Definition
| randomly oriented fibers of collagen and elastin |
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|
Term
| reticular loose fibrous CT |
|
Definition
| randomly oriented reticular fibers |
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Term
|
Definition
| few fibers and many adipose cells filled with lipids |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| more collagen fibers than ground substance and cells |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| collagen fibers densely packed and parallel to each other |
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|
Term
| Dense irregular fibrous CT |
|
Definition
| collagen fibers densely packed randomly |
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|
Term
| Ctye is another word for... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| flexible, rubbery CT with a supportive role |
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*clear, glassy appearance
*collagen fibers |
|
|
Term
| Where are hyaline cartilage fibers found? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| course, collagen bundles that absorb shock and resist compression |
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Term
|
Definition
| covered by fibrous tissue known as periosteum |
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Term
|
Definition
| anchor point for attachment of tendons and ligaments |
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|
Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Spongy bone osseous CT found... |
|
Definition
| head of bones; looks like a sponge |
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Term
|
Definition
| dense osseous tissue surrounds spongy bone |
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|
Term
| Osteocytes (bone cells) live in... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Main function Haversian canal/central canal |
|
Definition
| blood vessels and nerves run the length of canal |
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Term
|
Definition
| central canal and rings of osteocytes |
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Term
|
Definition
| transport many substances and important immune protection |
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Term
|
Definition
| non-cellular ground substance |
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
(RBC)
*only cells in body without nucleus
*carrying 02 and CO2 between lungs and tissues |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| important in blood clotting and directing new blood vessel growth |
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Term
|
Definition
| plasma, erythrocytes and leukocytes |
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Term
|
Definition
| round, faint center, no nucleus |
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Term
|
Definition
| larger and have large nuclues |
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|
Term
| Nervous Tissue and found where? |
|
Definition
| excitable tissue found in central nervous system and peripheral nervous system |
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|
Term
| Action potential in nervous tissue |
|
Definition
| tissues receive and transmit electrical signals |
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|
Term
| how are action potentials generated? |
|
Definition
| ions flow back and forth across cell membrane |
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|
Term
| central nervous systems contain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| peripheral nervous systems contain |
|
Definition
| all other nerves in our body |
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|
Term
| neurons of nervous tissue |
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
| support cells and nourish and protect neurons |
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|
Term
|
Definition
cell body
*round or oval shaped |
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Term
|
Definition
| short processes that receive signals |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| large nerve fiber that send signals |
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|
Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
long cylindrical cells called muscle fibers
*actin and myosin fibers cause striations (light and dark bands) |
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|
Term
| skeletal muscle voluntary muscle tissue |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
short, branched cells called cardiomyocytes
*striated
*nucleus surrounded by clear "halo" |
|
|
Term
| Intercalated disks found in cardiac muscle |
|
Definition
*found in ends of each cell
*connections allow signals to travel from one myocyte to another
*involuntary |
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|
Term
|
Definition
cells tapered at end
*NOT striated
*one nucleus per cell
*involuntary |
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|
Term
| function of smooth muscle |
|
Definition
| dilation and constriction, contraction |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| allow nearby cells to communicaet, perfrom coordinated and come together to form a tissue |
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|
Term
|
Definition
form grooves and ridges to attach like a zipper
*no gaps
*most things can't pass between the cells
*epithelial |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
form a "patch" like a button or snap and provides a firm attachment between cells
*things can pass between cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| attach cells to basement membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
surface of cell form a pore called connexon and joins with connexon of an adjacent cell
*allows ions, nutrients, and cell signaling molecules to pass freely between cells |
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|
Term
| Strength of tight junction, desmosome, and gap junction |
|
Definition
act as barriers
very strong and resist stretching
weak |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| produce a substance used by tissue or eliminated from the body |
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Term
|
Definition
produce substance to be used by other cells or tissues within the body
*hormones enter the bloodstream |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| produce substance to leave the body or be deposited into the cavity of another organ |
|
|
Term
| glands are composed of what? |
|
Definition
| ducts and secretory cells |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| serous and mucous secretions |
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|
Term
|
Definition
secrete whole cells
*eggs and sperm |
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|
Term
| merocrine mode of secretion |
|
Definition
| produce a substance and release it into duct through exocytosis |
|
|
Term
| holocrine mode of secretion |
|
Definition
| produce a substance and then rupture, releasing substance into ducts |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| portion of an organ or tissue exposed to lumen or external surface of that organ |
|
|
Term
| membrane is composed of... |
|
Definition
| epithelial cell layer, basement membrane, and layer of CT |
|
|
Term
| synovial membranes secrete and to where.... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| integumentary composed of... |
|
Definition
| skin and accessory organs |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| excessive or lack of hair = |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| thickening or thinning of skin = |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| heart disease or vascular damage |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| protection, vitamin synthesis, thermoregulation, sensation, and social functions |
|
|
Term
| protection funciton of skin |
|
Definition
| resistant to injuries and great protection barrier |
|
|
Term
| keratinized epithelial cells function |
|
Definition
resistant to injures
*great protection barrier
*keep water, chemicals, foreign invaders out
*waterproof |
|
|
Term
| synthesis function of skin |
|
Definition
| skin exposed to sun = synthesis of Vit D |
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|
Term
| sensation function of skin |
|
Definition
sensory organs tell us something too hot, too cold...
*protective and information processing |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| thermoregulation function of skin |
|
Definition
| feedback loops that cause shivering, sweating ... |
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|
Term
|
Definition
facial expressions and blushing
*non-verbal communication |
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|
Term
|
Definition
upper layer of skin
*lacks blood vessels |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| stratified, squamous, keratinized epithelial cells, stem cells, and sensory cells |
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|
Term
| 5 types of cells found in epidermis |
|
Definition
| keratinocytes, stem cells, melonocytes, merkel cells, dendritic cells |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| actively divide and give rise to cells that will become keratinocytes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pigment cells produce the pigment melanin that gives skin color |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| sensory cells responsible for sense of touch |
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|
Term
|
Definition
specialized immune cells that monitor skin for invasion of bacteria
*security guards |
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|
Term
| stratum corneum - epidermis |
|
Definition
| layers of dead, keratinized skin cells |
|
|
Term
| stratum lucidum - epidermis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| stratum granulosum - epidermis |
|
Definition
granules of waterproofing substance
*cells undergo apoptosis (cell suicide) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| stratum spinosum - epidermis |
|
Definition
thickest layer
*desmosomes can be seen and make cells look "spiny" |
|
|
Term
| stratum basale - epidermis |
|
Definition
lowest layer of epidermis
*attached to basement membrane
*divide and produce daughter cells |
|
|
Term
| Stratum basale shaped cells |
|
Definition
| cuboid or columnar and become squamous |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| dead cells are shed or scraped off |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| clumped dead kerationocytes and subum (oil) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| CT, blood vessels, nerves, sweat glands, and hair follicles |
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|
Term
| papillary layer of dermis |
|
Definition
| areolar CT --> loose arrangement of collagen fibers |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
fingerlike projections of papillary layer
*give skin ridges and grooves |
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|
Term
| reticular layer of dermis |
|
Definition
| thicker containing dense irregular CT and small pockets of adipose tissue |
|
|
Term
| dermis contains the only blood supply to the skin |
|
Definition
| health and function critical to epidermis |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| sensory receptor in dermis responsible for detecting light or delicate touch |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| sensory receptors that detect deep pressure |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| under dermis containing a great deal of adipose tissue |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| binds skin to underlying muscle and tissue |
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|
Term
| accessory organs of the integumentray system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thin strains of dead keratinized cell that grow from hair follicles |
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|
Term
| hair follicles are located... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| on most surface of the skin |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| swelling at the base of the hair follicle, where hair originates |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| anchored within hair follicle (dead cells) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| hair follicle is attached.... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| draws root into vertical posisiton |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| nerve fibers that detect movement of hair shaft |
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|
Term
| apocrine sweat glands and sebaceous glands |
|
Definition
| ducts travel to hair follicle |
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|
Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
regular sweat glands
*secrete water |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
armpit, groin, and anal region
*flow into hair follicle
*BO |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
oily secretion called sebum
*flask shaped and open to hair follicle
*natural moisturizer to prevent skin from drying out |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
open directly to skin surface
*only found in outer ear canal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
sebum and dead epithelial cells = earwax
*keeps eardrum pliable, waterproof, and inhibits bacterial growth |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
damage to hypodermis
*FATAL |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cancer in melanocytes in stratum basale |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
basal cell carcinoma: cancer of cuboidal cells
squamous cell carcinoma: cancer of keratinocytes of stratum spinosum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
most common form of skin cancer
*rounded, raided bump on exposed skin
*high survival rate with surgical removal of tissue/radiation therapy |
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|
Term
|
Definition
squamous cells in stratum spinosum
*sun-exposed skin red, scaly ulcer
*lethal if left unchecked |
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|
Term
|
Definition
melanocytes in stratum basale
*most lethal of all skin cancers
*originates in moles
*very curable through surgery |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis are removed in a 2cm radius around melanoma. the dermis and hypodermis removed from an addition 2-3cm and then sown up. |
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|
Term
| ABCD of melanoma detection |
|
Definition
A: asymmetry
B: border irregularity
C: color
D: diameter great than 6 mm |
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|
Term
|
Definition
replacement of damaged cells with same cells
*scrapes and cuts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
formation of clot or scab
*deep cuts
*repair epidermis, CT, blood vessels of dermis |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| blood protein polymerizes and forms meshwork creating clot |
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|
Term
|
Definition
epithelial cells proliferate and help repair epidermis
*can take many weeks |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| force to move bones and body contents |
|
|
Term
| stability muscle function |
|
Definition
| resists force of gravity and help stabilize joints; posture |
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|
Term
| communication muscle function |
|
Definition
| speaking, writing, facial expression |
|
|
Term
| control of body openings muscle function |
|
Definition
| sphincter muscles control openings of eyes, mouth, digestive system, urethra, anus |
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|
Term
| heat production muscle function |
|
Definition
| generate a lot of heat when contracting muscles which keep body around 98.6 degrees -- important for enzyme function |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| muscle is made up of 1,000s of muscle fibers that work together to generate force |
|
|
Term
| what tissue does muscle contain? |
|
Definition
| connective tissue which keep fibers organized and allows attachment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| areolar CT that surround each muscle fiber |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| muscle fibers are grouped together in bundles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thicker CT surrounds each fasicle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
thicker CT surrounds the entire muscle
*keep fascicles bundled together |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| CT surrounds and separates muscles from other tissues |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| separates layers of muscles from one another |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| adipose tissue and separates muscles form overlying skin |
|
|
Term
| direct attachment of muscle to bone |
|
Definition
| CT fuses directly with the periosteum of the bone |
|
|
Term
| indirect attachment of muscle to bone |
|
Definition
epimysium and deep facia transition into a tendon which inserts into the periosteum of a bone
*physical gap between muscle and bone |
|
|
Term
| aponeurosis attachment of muscle to bone |
|
Definition
| broad, sheet-like tendon that fuses muscle to bone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
stationary attachment point of a muscle to bone
*bone doesn't move when muscle is contracted |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
movable attachment point of muscle to bone
*bone moves when muscle moves |
|
|
Term
| what produces movement at a joint? |
|
Definition
| two or more muscles acting together or against each other |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| produces the most force during a particular movement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| aid the agonist in producing a given movement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
muscle that opposes the agonist
*creates movement in joint in opposite direction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| muscle that prevents movement of a bone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| origin and insertion at the same region |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| origin and insertion in different regions |
|
|
Term
| Which muscles are voluntary and involuntary? |
|
Definition
skeletal muscle
smooth and cardiac |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| undifferentiated myoblasts exist in adults |
|
|
Term
| muscle fibers have several nuclie from.. |
|
Definition
| fusion of several myoblasts |
|
|
Term
| sarcolemma in muscle fibers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sarcoplasm in muscle fiber |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| majority of space in a cell is occupied by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| carry electrical signals to interior of cell and triggers release of CA2 from SR and terminal cisternae = needed for contraction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bundle of long, parallel myofilaments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
hundreds of protein molecules --> myosin
*like barbed wire |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
long winding strands of actin
*active site that opens with tropomysosin and troponin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
smallest of the filaments made up of with titin
*stetchy that anchors the thick filaments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
myosin and actin
*responsible for actual shortening of muscle fiber |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tropmyosin and troponin regulate when and if a muscle cell will contract |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| huge protein anchors actin filaments to endomysium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| loss of skeletal muscle function |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
large protein attached to sarcolemma
*translate contraction of myofibrils to contraction of muscle fibers |
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|
