Term
Oxygenated blood reaches the brain via:
-internal carotid arteries
-vertebral arteries
-internal jugular vein
-internal carotid arteries and vertebral arteries |
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Definition
| internal carotid arteries and vertebral arteries |
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Term
There is an area of the brain that secretes the hormones ADH and oxytocin. This area of the brain represents one of the 4 breaks in the blood-brain-barrier.
-true
-false |
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Definition
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Term
A normal, working blood-brain-barrier effectively blocks the passage of:
-oxygen
-carbon dioxide
-water
-steroids
-ions |
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Definition
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Term
The blood-brain-barrier is formed primarily by tight junctions found where?
-between foot processes of adjacent astrocytes
-between foot processes of astrocytes and adjacent endothelial cells
-between adjacent endothelial cells
-between neurons that line capillaries in the CNS
-between red blood cells of the nervous system |
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Definition
| between adjacent endothelial cells |
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Term
Where does the spinal cord end?
-at the end of the spinal column
-at the level of about T10
-at the level of about S2
-at the level of about L2
-at the level of about C2 |
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Definition
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Term
How are the spinal nerve named?
-for the different people who discovered and mapped them out
-for the parts of the body they innervate
-for the vertebrae where they leave the spinal column
-with the letter "A" through "EE"
-they aren't |
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Definition
| for the vertebrae where they leave the spinal column |
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Term
The innermost meningeal layer of the spinal cord is the pia mater.
-true
-false - the layers aren't "meningeal" along the spinal cord. |
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Definition
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Term
Lumbar puncture = a procedure involving the insertion of a needle into the subdural space in the inferior lumbar region.
-true
-false |
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Definition
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Term
The vertebrae, vertebral ligaments, spinal cord blood vessels, and meninges are innervated by diffusion, as these structures are still close enough to the CNS for that process to work.
-true
-false |
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Definition
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Term
As a spinal nerve leaves the intervertebral foramen, what is the first branch?
-the sympathetic chain
-the ventral ramus
-the dorsal ramus
-the meningeal branch |
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Definition
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Term
Proprioceptive efferents leave the spinal cord via:
-the dorsal root
-the dorsal root ganglia
-the meningeal branch
-the ventral root
-there are no such things as proprioceptive efferents. |
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Definition
| there are no such things as proprioceptive efferents |
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Term
All spinal nerves form plexes (or plexuses) as they leave the spinal cord. This is yet abother example of the redundancy of our nervous system.
-true
-false |
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Definition
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Term
Damage to one spinal segment or ventral root from C1 to T1 will not completely paralyze a muscle.
-true
-false |
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Definition
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Term
Which plexus provides nervous connections to the head, neck and shoulders?
-cervical
-brachial
-lumbar
-sacral
-lumbosacral |
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Definition
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Term
The pathological condition known as "shingle" is related to what disease?
-measles
-mumps
-chicken pox
-small pox
-meningitis |
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Definition
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Term
With shingles, virus lies dormant within the epidermis and may erupt painfully later in life.
-true
-false |
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Definition
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Term
A dermatome is an area of skin innervated by sensory fibers from a single spinal nerve.
-true
-false |
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Definition
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Term
In the autonomic nervous system, post-ganglionic fibers are unmyelinated.
-true
-false |
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Definition
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Term
Nerve fibers synapsing in the sympathetic ganglia pass through
-the dorsal root
-the dorsal root ganglion
-the meningeal branch
-the ventral root |
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Definition
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Term
Preganglionic autonomic nerve fibers release:
-epinephrine
-norepinephrine
-ACh
-epinephrine AND norepinephrine
-all of the above |
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Definition
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Term
Somatic motor neurons:
-terminate in a neuromuscular junction
-use ACh
-are myelinated
-all of the above |
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Definition
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Term
The sympathetic chain refers to autonomic motor ganglia that run along the spinal column.
-true
-false |
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Definition
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Term
Referred pain?
- a complete mystery to science
-when pain is sensed on certain areas of the skin, sometimes the CNS gets confused and wrongly attributes these sensations to visera deep to the affected area.
-nerves from different parts of the body sometimes converge on the spinal cord in the same area and this can be confusing to the CNS
-your brain likes to make things as tidy as possible and sometimes it's just inconvenient to experience pain the way it ought to be experienced so the brain refers that pain elsewhere.
-some receptors don't communicate with the CNS via nerves but rather by using secretions. These secretions are difficult for the CNS to pinpoint because those receptors that use them have such a large receptive field. Referred pain is the natural consequence of that difficulty. |
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Definition
| nerves from different parts of the body sometimes converge on the spinal cord in the same area and this can be confusing to the CNS |
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Term
Pain that occurs in the left side of your neck could be originating:
-in the left side of your neck
-in the lung/diaphragm
-in the liver/gallbladder
-in the left side of your neck AND in the lung/diaphragm
-in the left side of your neck AND in the liver/gallbladder |
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Definition
| in the left side of your neck AND in the lung/diaphragm |
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Term
You suddenly find yourself airborne and traveling at an impressive velocity. Impact with a very strong looking pole is imminent but you find that by flailing your arms and twisting your body, you have time to choose where on your spinal column impact will occur. In order to try to minimize the level of damage that results, you maneuver so that what part of you contacts the pole?
-C1-C5
-C5-C7
-T1-T12
-L1-L5
-S1-S5 |
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Definition
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Term
Skeleton muscles supply sensory afferent information to the CNS.
-true
-false |
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Definition
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Term
Smaller receptive fields results in more precise locating of a stimulus.
-true
-false |
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Definition
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Term
The nervous system quickly adapts to stimuli that are painless and constant via:
-tonic receptors
-phasic receptors
-nociceptors |
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Definition
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Term
As stimulus intensity increases:
-the frequency of action potentials will increase
-the number of activated receptors will increase
-recruitment will occur
-all of the above |
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Definition
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Term
Exteroreceptors and interoreceptors never measure the same stimulus modality.
-true
-false |
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Definition
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Term
Proprioception refers to:
-your ability to know where your body is relative to other parts of your body.
-your ability to sense when other people or objets are approaching you from the rear.
-that narrow strip of skin and muscle innervated by a single spinal nerve
-your ability to perceive referred pain.
-all of the above |
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Definition
| your ability to know where your body is relative to other parts of your body. |
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Term
Vision, hearing, taste and smell are examples of
-interoreceptors
-exteroreceptors
-prioprioceptors
-nociceptors
-none of the above |
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Definition
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Term
Baroreceptors
-are sensitive to stretvh
-are a type of mechanoreceptor
-are exteroreceptors
-are sensitive to stretch AND are a type of mechanoreceptor
-all of the above |
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Definition
| are sensitive to stretch AND are a type of mechanoreceptor |
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Term
"Gustation" refers to
-smell
-taste
-pain
-vision
-urination |
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Definition
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Term
Tactile receptors are simply free nerve endings.
-true
-false |
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Definition
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Term
Receptive fields are the same for all receptors.
-true
-false |
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Definition
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Term
Proprioceptors are found where?
-inside joints
-inside tendons
-inside bones
-inside joints AND inside tendons
-all of the above |
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Definition
| inside joints AND inside tendons |
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Term
Where are Golgi tendon organs found?
-inside the Golgi Apparatus of skeletal muscle cells only
-inside tendons
-just deep to perichondrium
-just deep to periosteum |
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Definition
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Term
The spinothalamic tract carries
-sensory afferents
-motor efferents
-solely interneurons
-sensory afferents AND solely interneurons
-motor efferents AND solely interneurons |
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Definition
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Term
The spinocerebellar pathway
-contains snesory afferents
-contains third-order neurons
-terminates at the cerebral cortex
-contains sensory afferents AND contains thrid-order neurons
-all of the above |
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Definition
| contains sensory afferents |
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Term
We're born with all the extrinsic reflexes we're ever going to have.
-true
-false |
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Definition
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Term
The patellar reflex involves
-stretching the patellar tendon
-an inhibitory as well as an excitatory pathway
-a monosynaptic as well as a polysynaptic pathway
-all of the above |
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Definition
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Term
The crossed extensor reflex consists, at least in part, of
-an ipsilateral flexor reflex
-a contralateral flexor reflex
-an ipsilateral extensor reflex |
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Definition
| an ipsilateral flexor reflex |
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Term
If the spinal cord is transected (cut) at the level of C5, could you still elicit a spinal reflex from areas distal to that transaction?
-yes
-no |
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Definition
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Term
Referring to the above question, would your patient be aware of that spinal spinal reflex ?
-yes
-no |
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Definition
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Term
| An action potential arrives at the terminous of an axon at a neuromuscular junction, opens _______ channels and that ion rushes into the cell. This allows vesicles containing ACh to exocytose their contents into the synapse. ACh diffuses across the synapse and binds to ACh receptors which open ____ channels in the post-synaptic membrane. |
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Definition
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Term
| If some sensation is to reach our awareness, the second-order neuron in that pathway synapses on a third-order neuron in the ________. |
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Definition
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