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| Sun baked blocks made of clay mixed with straw. Also: the buildings made with this material. |
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| The study of past human life and culture by the examination of material remains such as graves, tools and pottery. |
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| A stone-built tomb, often MEGALITHIC in construction, generally used for communial burials over a long period. Found in many parts of the world and in many different forms. |
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| An advanced state of human society marked by a relatively high level of cultural technical, and politcal development. |
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| A circular arrangement of megaliths enclosing a DOLMEN or burial mound. |
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| The script used in MESOPOTAMIA and neighboring regions like Persia, for writing on clay tablets. Pressing a rectangular ended wooden instrument into the plastic clay to leave a pattern of wedge-shapes formed the impressions. |
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| A prehistoric monument consisting of two or more large upright stones supporting a horizontal stone slab, found especially in Britain and France and usually regarded as a tomb. |
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| An agricultural region arching from the eastern shores of the Mediterranean Sea in the west to Iraw in the east, the location of humankinds earliest cultures. |
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| The remains, impression or trace of any living organism from a past geological age found preserved in rock or sediment. |
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| A circular area enclosed by stones or wooden posts set up by Neolithical builders. It was usually bounded by a ditch and raised embankment. |
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| Members of a small-scale mobile or semi sedentary societies whose substinence is based mainly on hunting of wild animals and the gathering of wild plants. |
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| A method of casting metal, such as bronze, by a process in which a wax mould is covered with clay and plaster, then fired, melting the was and leaving a hollow form. Molten metal is then poured into the hollow space and slowly cooled. When the hardened clay and plaster exterior shell is removed, a solid metal form remains to be smoothed and polished. |
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| A chambered tomb built of large stones. |
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| A very large stone of considerable size often int he form of an OBELISK or column. |
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| From the Greek "(The land) between the rivers", the region of western Asia defined by the Euphrates and Tigris rivers together with their tributaries. It is further divided between the northern upland zone (corresponding roughly to Assyria) and the southern alluvial zone (Sumer and Akkad; later Babylonia). |
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| A wall construction method which involves a precess of compressing a damp mixture of earth (rammed earth) that has suitable proportions of sand, gravel and clay (sometimes with an added stabilizer like straw) into an externally supported frame that molds the shape of a wall section creating a solid wall of earth. |
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| Of, pertaining to or existing in the time prior to the recording of human events, knowledge of which is gained mainly through archeological discoveries, study and research. |
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| A small piece of broken pottery |
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| An ancient region in southern MESOPOTAMIA, where a number of independent cities and city-states were established as early as 5000 BC. A number of its cities, as Eridu, Urak and Ur are major archeological sites. |
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| A mound formed by the repeated rebuilding of mud brick houses on the same site. As older homes collapsed their remains formed a raised base for later houses. Such mounds also incorporate other settlemnt refuse, graves, and many other materials, and sometimes reach considerable depth. |
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| A wall construction method combining upright branches, woven with twigs and plastered or filled with clay or mud. |
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| meaning mountaintop or height. In ancient Assyria and Babylonia, a pyramidal tower built of mud brick and forming the BASE of a temple; it was either stepped or had a broad scent winding around it, which gave it he appearance of being stepped. |
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| Originally Amenhotep IV 1358 B.C. King of Egypt and Pharaoh who initiated the worship of sun god, Aton. |
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| A god of Thebes, where he had several temples; the main temple was at Karnak. ____ was depicted as a man with a cylindrical crown toped by two tall feathers or, especially in his Nubian temples with the head of a ram with curling horns. ______ main consort was the goddess Mut. |
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| A cross shaped like a T with a loop at the top; used in Ancient Egypt as a symbol of life. |
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| Literally, the disk of the sun; its light was Akhenaton's sole god, (Monotheism) worshipped in unroofed temples and represented in the quasi-hieroglyphic from of a disk with a uraeus and many rays ending in hands |
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| An oval containing a name, used in Egypt for writing royal names |
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| The architecure of the ancient civilization that flourished along the Nile River in northwest Africa from before 3000 BC to its annexation by Rome in 30 BC characterized especially by the axial planning of massive masonry tombs and temples, the use of trabeated construction with precise stone wor and the decoration of battered walls with pictographic carvings in relief. |
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| A goddess represented as a woman, a cow, or occasionally a woman with a cow's head. Her headdress was a sun disk between cow's horns. As the daughter of Re, _______ was important in cosmic mythology, where a dark, destructive side is sometimes in evidence. |
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| From greak word meaning "sacred carved writing", a pictorial script used by the ancient Egyptians from the beginning of the 3rd millennium BCE until the end of the 4th century CE for religious purposes and on public monuments |
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| A sky-god shown as a falcon or a falcon headed man; he had cult centers at Hierakonpolis and Edfu. As the son of Osiris, simultaneously a protector and a manifestation of the reigning king. |
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| A hall with a roof supported by rows of columns. In the Hypostyle halls of Egyptian temples, the most famous of which is at Karnak, the columns are often very tall, and those forming the central passage, or nave, are even taller. |
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| An official of King Zoser of the Third Dynasty, probably the architect of Zoser's Step Pyramid. |
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| An aspect of the personality or soul that was born with a person and survived after deat; it could receive offerings for the deceased. Sometimes represented as a twin image of a person, the _____ was a kind of life force. Kings and Gods also had ______ |
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| A building or floor plan relating to or resembling a line (straight one) |
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| A fragrant water lily that opens in the morning and closes at sunset; these qualities were equated with the eternal cycle of the sun and of life, making this flower one of the most potent and frequently respresented symbols of rebirth. |
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| (Bench Tomb) It was designed to simulate the plan of an ancient Egyptian residence. It consisted of a regulated mound containing several small rooms covering a broad pit, allowing both space for the deceased and provisions for the afterlife. The structure was forms from a wooden or crude mud-brick pillars covered in rubble and then walled in mud brick. |
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| A city of the dead; a large cemetery in ancient Egypt |
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| Queen of Egypt as the wife of Akkenaton. |
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| A tall four sided shaft of stone that tapers as it rises to a pyramidal point, originating in ancient Egypt as a sacred symbol of the Sun God Re and usually standing in pairs astride Temple entrances. |
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| It is a term describing a right-angled configuration or a system based on a chessboard layout. |
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| 1) A tall aquatic plant that grows abundantly in the Near East, Egypt, and Abyssinia. 2) A paper-like material made by laying together thin strips of the pith of this plant, then soaking, pressing and drying the whole. The ancient Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans used the resultant sheets as writing material. |
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| From the Egyptian per a "great house" meaning the palace and, by extension, the royal court, It was not applied to the king himself until the new kingdom. |
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| THis is a pillar that is engaged or embedded in the stonework of a wall, from which it project. It usually has a base and a capital. |
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| Greek word for gateway. 1)The monumental entrance building to an Egyptian temple or forecourt. It consists of the following: a massive wall with sloping sides pierced by a doorway or of two such walls flanking a central gateway. 2)A tall structure at either side of a gate, bridge, or avenue, marking an approach or entrance. |
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| In antiquity it was an altar of fire that was a part of the temple. |
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| A massive masonry structure having a rectangular base and four smooth, steeply sloping sides facing the cardinal points and meeting at an apex, used in ancient Egypt as a tomb to contain the burial chamber and the mummy of the Pharaohs. The __________ was usually part of the cmplex of buildings within a walled enclosure including Mastabas for members of the royal family. |
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| The main sun god usually represented as a man with the head of a ram. His cult center was at Heliopolis, near Memphis; but because of the importance of the sun in Egyptian life and religion, he was considered a universal god, whose qualities could also be manifested in other great gods, such as Amun-___ and __-Osiris. One of the kings most important titles was "Son of __" |
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| The body of a recumbent lion with the head of a king or, less often, a royal woman. |
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| An upright slab of stone, or less often wood, with carved or painted figures and inscriptions; erected in Temples, where they might be very large, and in or before tombs. |
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| Descriptive of construction using beams or lintels, following the principal of post and lintel construction as distinguished from construction using arches and vaults. |
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| The modern name for the desert valley west of Thebes where kings of the New Kingdom were buried in tombs tunneled out of the cliffs. |
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| The upper part of the capital it has the form of a square flat slab which bears the load of the entablature. |
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| A common plant in the Mediterranean, whose leaves, stylized, form the characteristic decoration of capitals of Corinthian Order and the Composite Order. In scroll form, it appears on friezes, panels, etc. |
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| In Greek cities, this term describes the "upper town" which was the hub of political, religious and military life. Subsequently, it was where there were often only the communitys sanctuaries. It became the dwelling place of the gods. |
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| In the Greak City, this was the public place where citizens assemblies were held. Describes the political hub of the city. |
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| A lintel or frame resting on two vertical supports (columns or pillars). It is the horizontal part of the trilithon. |
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| The sacred area, often confused with the temenos, the land consecrated to a god, the secred enclosure of the temple. |
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| A figure (or figures) of a man used in place of a column to support an entablature. Also called a __________ |
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| It describes, for the Greeks of Antiquity, any foreign people. It did not originally have derogatory connotations. |
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| The main feature of a Corinthian Capital formed by a flared body shaped like an upturned, truncated cone. Acanthus leaves sproud from the _______. |
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| Decorative feature in the form of a support placed beneath the cornice of a frieze or beneath the slope of a pediment. |
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| In Old World archaeology, the period of prehistory in which bronze was the primary material for tools and weapons. |
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| The law of proportions that govern the parts of the human body in the Greek sculpture of Antiquity. |
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| The decoraive feature surmounting the shaft of a column or pillar on which the architrave rests. The capital consists of an Echinus or basket, which supports an abacus. Its decoration is governed by the Classical orders. |
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| In architect, it is a support in the form of a female statue. According to Vitruvius, the name derives from the Women of Caryae, who were reduced to slavery as a punishment for having collaborated with the Persians |
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| It is the auditorium of a theater, so called originally because originally it was excavated from a hillside. |
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| The main body of an ancient temple which, in addition to the naos, housing the statue of the deity, also contains a pronaos forming the vestibule, an opisthodomos at the chevet, and in some cases an adytum, or secret area and a treasury. |
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| This term represents the mythological creature formed by the torso of a man and the body of an animal (horse). |
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| Architectural order characterized in particular by the capital with a basket decorated with acanthus leave and horns of plenty at the corners, the crockets of which are akin to the volutes of the Ionic order. |
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| This describes the stonework of a colossal wall, built with huge, irregular blocks, rockoned to be the work of the Cyclopes. A cyclops was a legendary giant with just one eye in the middle of the forehead. |
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| Decorative features formed by a series of cubes, salient teeth, set apart, embellishing a cornice. |
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| This term describes a classic building surrounded by a double row of peripteral classic columns. |
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| In architecture, one of the greek orders, characterized by columns with no base, with a capital consisting of a gorgerin (neckling grooves) and Echinus and an abacus. |
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| A cylindrical element forming the shaft of a column. Its diameter is always greater than its height. |
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| The main part of the Doric capital in the form of a small cushion or bell bounded by a round molding between the gorgerin and the abacus. Its outline would develop from a flattened torus into a more elongated half-heart. |
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| Decorative relief molding in the form of juxta-posed ______ and ______. |
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| This describes a column or other feature partly embedded in a wall, from which it projects out. |
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| These are the verticals and parallel grooves, which decorate the surface of the cylindrical shalf of a column, lending it a rising motion and an energetic formal quality. |
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| This is the upper triangular part of a wall parallel with the trusses bearing the sloping surfaces of a roof. In the Greek temple, it merges with the pediment. |
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| A building whose facade has six columns. |
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| This is the term for the space between the verical Axis of two columns. |
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| This is the term fo the actual open space that exists between 2 columns. |
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| In architecture, the ________ is characterized principally by slender columns with a base, a capital emebllished by voluted, and an entablature with a continuous frieze. |
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| It was an Archair Greek Statue representing a young girl clad in rich apparel, constituting an offering to the gods. |
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| It was an Archaic Greek Statue representing a young man standing, sometimes of colossal dimensions. These sculptures were arranged as offerings to the gods in temples. |
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| A shallow stemed two-handled drinking cup of Ancient Greece. |
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| this was an intricate structure of interconnecting passages through which it is difficult to find ones way; a maze. Greek mythology: The maze in which the Minotaur was confined. |
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| The horizontal element over an opening, window or door which bears the load of teh superstructure. It plays the same kind of role as the architrave. |
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| A method of casting metal, such as bronze, by a process in which a wax mould is covered with clay and plaster, then fired, melting the wax and leaving a hollow form. Molten Metal is then poured into the hollow space and slowly cooled. When the hardened clay and the plaster exterior shell is removed, a solid metal form ramains to be smoothed and polished. |
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| Main room of the Mycenaean Palace, comprising the hearth and the throne, proceeded by a vestibule and inner courtyard. |
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| This is a panel. It is often sculpted alternating with the triglyphs on the Doric frieze. |
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| Term deriving from Minos, legendary King of Knossus used to designate the ancient Cretan Civilization. |
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| Greek Mythology: a monster who was half man and half bull to whom young Athenian men and women were sacrificed in the Cretan labyrinth. |
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| In ancient architecture a common measurement, traditionally accepted, applied to teh verious proportions of a bilding. A unit of measurement governs the ratios between the parts of a building. |
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| This term describes a round temple (tholos) with a single ring of outer column that support the roof. |
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| Stemming frm the civilization or art of the Achaeans and _______. |
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| In Greek Architecture, it was the abode of the god, which takes the form of an inner area containing the divine statue. This is the holiest part of the cella of the temple. |
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| A building whose facade has 8 columns |
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| In Greek theatres this is the round area situated at the bottom of the tiers, in front of a stage. |
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| In ancient architecture, describes various structural systems for organizing the proportions of buildings in Doric, Ionic, or Corinthian Style. Also a modlular system applied to he elevation of a building and its supports, in particular the columns and pilasters with their bases, capitals and entablatures. |
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| Decorations n the form of stylized palm leaves. |
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| Temple dedicated to all the Greek gods. |
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| Describes a temple surrounded on all sides by a row of columns, forming a peristyle. |
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| A colonnade running all around a courtyard or square. |
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| Alignment of vertical supports connected by lintels or arches. The portico forms an opening gallery on the long side of a building. |
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| It is the Greek term describing the room vestibule that precedes the naos of the temple. |
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| It is the monumental porch, often with a colonnaded facade, giving access to a Greek sanctuary. |
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| Describes the stage, in an ancient theatre; it is the area set between the stage wall (from scenae) and the orchestra. |
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| It is the term that describes a temple, which only has columns on its front facade. |
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| Corresponds first of all to the temporary tent housing theatrical shows, then became identified with the scene set before the frons scenae. |
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| It was a colonnaded walkway providing shelter often at the edge of a public area such as an agora or forum. |
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| Area consecrated to a god. It was the sacred area surrounding a temple. |
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| This is a temple building who facade has four columns. |
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| In Greek Architecture, monopteral sanctuary; a temple whos plan is round and whose elevation is cylindrical. |
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| It was a small temple-shaped building which housed offerings in large sanctuaries. |
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| Decorative feature of the Doric frieze, which represents the end of a wooden beam, decorated with two vertical groves, or glyphs, and bordered by two hemiglyphs. _______ alternate with te metope panels. |
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| The triangular surface between a lintel and 2 sloping cornices in Grek Architecture. |
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| It was the decorative spiral motif on the corners of ionic capitals. It apeared as the scroll-like ornament stemming from the motif of plants heads (acanthus, fern). |
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| IT as a crude statue in wood or stone, depicting a deity. |
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