Term
Examples of high energy compounds? |
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Definition
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Term
How is energy stored in cells? |
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Definition
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Term
What is the difference between fermentation and respiration? |
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Definition
The Fate of Pyruvate.
Respiration: completely oxidized to CO2 and Water: most energetically favorable.
Frementaton: it is fermented into an acid or alcohol |
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Term
Three Possible mechanisms for cells to form ATP? |
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Definition
Substrate level phosphorylation Respiration linked phosphorylation Photo-phosphorylation |
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Term
Substrate level phosphorylation |
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Definition
direct transfer of high energy phosphate from phosphoralized organic compound ADP->ATP |
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Term
Respiration linked phosphorylation |
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Definition
oxidation of electron donator coupled with reduction of electron acceptor |
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Term
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Definition
Use of light to create a proton motor force. |
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Term
What is the purpose of each stage of Glycolsis |
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Definition
phosphorlating everything: preparation
redox stages: energy recovery and production of NADH |
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Term
What is Gibb's free energy? |
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Definition
It is the enthalpy of the system-the product of temp(entropy) |
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Term
How do you determine if a reaction will be favorable or not? |
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Definition
If delta G is negative the reaction if favorable |
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Term
What is the role of electron carrier NAD |
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Definition
it is involved in energy generating catabolic reactions |
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Term
What is the role of the electron carrier NADP |
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Definition
it is involved in biosynthesis and anabolic reactions |
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Term
What is reduction potential |
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Definition
it is the likelihood that a species will be reduced. |
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Term
How is reduction potential related to free energy |
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Definition
The amount of free energy released in a redox reaction is the difference in the redox potential between electron donor and acceptor. |
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Term
why are Oxiduction-Reduction reactions always coupled |
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Definition
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Term
What sort of work can energized membranes (PMF membranes) preform? |
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Definition
-ATP synthesis -rotating flagellum -active membrane transport |
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Term
What are the 3 characteristics that all electron transport chains must possess? |
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Definition
-have redox carriers -create PMF (have alternating electron only and proton &electron carriers) -they have to be linked to an intact membrane |
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Term
What is the structure and function of ATP synthase F1 and F0 subunits |
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Definition
F1 rotates and goes through membrane to inside
F0 sets in the membrane like a pore |
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Term
Describe the possible fates for energy stored in a photon |
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Definition
-captured by antenna complex -transferred to the reaction center -captured by the reaction center |
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Term
relation between substrate level phosphorylation and glycolsis |
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Definition
SLP is a STEP in gylcolsis |
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Term
What are examples of light gathering systems? |
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Definition
-Different types of antenna systems -COMPOSTION OF ANTENNA (ex caratnoids) -organization of intracellular membrane complexes -chlorosomes - thylicoids |
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Term
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Definition
do not require light.. synthesis processes (ex. Calvin cycle) |
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Term
What are light reactions? |
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Definition
Light reactions create ATP |
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Term
Five types of photosynthetic bacteria compare and contrast |
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Definition
A: Have ETC Non-Purple bacteria Purple Sulfur bacteria Green sulfur bacteria cyanobacteria heliobacteria *B: Use Rodopsiin * Heliobacteria C: Anoxygenic (cyclic photophosphor) Green Sulfur bacteria Purple Sulfur Bacteria Non Purple bacteria *D: Oxygenic (Z-Scheme) * Cyanobacteria *E: Can't use sulfur *Non purple bacteria F: Can use sulfur Purple and Green Sulfur bacteria *G: Can reduce NADPH *Green sulfur bacteria *H: Can not reduce NADPH (use reverse ETC) *Purple sulfur bacteria |
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Term
What are the key enzymes in Krebs cycle |
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Definition
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Term
Key enzyme in Woods pathway |
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Definition
carbonmonoxide dehydrogenase |
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Term
Key enezyme in reverse TCA cycle |
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Definition
forwards: succinate dehydrogenate backwards: fumerate reductase |
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Term
Why is nitrogen fixation so oxygen sensitive? |
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Definition
it has cofactors that fall apart in presence of oxygen |
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Term
relationship between ETC and PMF |
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Definition
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Term
what can make a membrane energized? |
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Definition
-pumping protons out -ATPase (ATP synthesis backwards) |
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Term
How does fermentation make ATP |
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Definition
-through substrate level phosphorylation (do NOT make PMF) -can make energized membrane with ATPase |
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Term
How does respiration make ATP |
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Definition
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Term
Bacteria with rodopsin do NOT use antenna structure |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
Distinguishing enzyme Hexose Monophosphate Shunt |
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Definition
6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase |
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Term
distinguishing enzyme of Calvin cycle |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
carbonmonoxide dehydrogogenase |
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Term
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Definition
replinishes intermediates |
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Term
What kind of molecules serve as electron acceptors? |
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Definition
They are molecule or atom that can be reduced by gained an electron from something else.
(they have the most positive reduction potentials) |
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Term
What kind of molecules are electron donors? |
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Definition
An electron donor is a molecule or atom that can be oxidized by giving an electron to something else.
They have the most negative reduction potentials. |
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Term
What determines their role as a donor or acceptor? |
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Definition
Their relative reduction potentials. The more positive of the two will be the acceptor. |
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Term
What are electron transport chains? |
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Definition
ETC's use PMF and are series of electron acceptors and donors that transfer electrons from an electron carrier to a terminal acceptor. |
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Term
Cofactors associated with the ETC |
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Definition
NADH: electron carriers
Flavoprotenin: electron and proton carriers
Iron sulfur proteins: electron carriers
Cytochromes: electron carrier
Quinones: carry protons and go to cytochromes |
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Term
What is the chemiosmotic theory and who proposed it? |
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Definition
Peter Mitchell proposed the chemiosmotic theory which said that the proton motor force generated by electron transport is employed to drive ATP synthase (enzyme makes ATP from ADP +P) |
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Term
What are light reactions? |
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Definition
those that harvest light energy to generate a proton motive force and ATP |
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Term
What are the four major classes of macromolecules in the bacterial or archaeal cells? |
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Definition
Proteins, Lipids, Carbohydrates, Nucleic Acids |
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Term
What is the purpose of precursor metabolites? |
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Definition
Precursor metabolites are the compounds from which all constituents of the cell can be synthesized. |
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Term
Precursor molecules of EM Pathway |
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Definition
glucose-6-phosphate fructose-6-phosphate glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate 3-phosphoglycerate phosphoenolpyruvate pyruvate acetyl-CoA |
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Term
Precursor molecules of the HMS |
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Definition
Glucose-6-phosphate ribose-5-phosphate erythrose-4-phosphate glyveraldehyde-3-phosphate pyruvate acetyl-CoA |
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Term
Precursor molecules of ED |
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Definition
glucose-6-phosphate glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate pyruvate acetyl-coA |
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Term
Precursor molecules of the TCA cycle |
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Definition
oxaloacetate alpha-ketogluterate succinyl-CoA |
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Term
How are intermediates of the TCA cycle replenished? |
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Definition
It is an anaplerotic reaction.
through carnoxylation of pyruvate to form oxaloacetate. |
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Term
What are the other major pathways for CO2 fixation |
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Definition
Calvin Cycle Reductive Citric Acid Pathway Hydeoxypropionate Pathway Reductive Acetyl-CoA Pathway |
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Term
What are the molecules that contain nitrogen and what are the relative ease of making biomass from each? |
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Definition
NO3, NH4, Amino Acids, Organic nitrogen, N2
N2 is used at last resort |
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Term
What are the two types of nitrate reduction |
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Definition
Denitroficicaton
assimularoty nitrate reduction pathway |
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Term
Why is nitrogen fixation a critical microbial process? |
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Definition
It is because it is essential for all living organisms survival and only microbes can fix N2 gas to a usable form |
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Term
WHat are the two components of nitrogenase |
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Definition
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Term
How much energy is required for nitrogen fixation? |
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Definition
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Term
How can an organism synthesize all of its cell structures from glucose? |
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Definition
It can because glucose can be used to form all of the precursor molecules which can be used to synthesize any cellular component. |
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Term
What are the main structural arrangements of proteins |
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Definition
Primary Structure: Amino Acids are joined by peptide bonds
Secondary Structure: Alpha helix Beta Sheet
Tertiary structure: many secondary structures together
Quaternary structure: multiple subunits into a wad |
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Term
What is the structure and function of the cytoplasmic membrane |
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Definition
It serves as a primary boundary for the cell's cytoplasm. It is composed of a phospholipid bi layer with proteins inside |
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Term
How is cell structure and function studied by cell fractionation and separation of components? |
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Definition
are separated using a centrifuge giving you different layers each with a different cell organelle. the organelle specific layer could be removed and examined more closely giving the scientist the opportunity to understand the purpose and function of the organelle. |
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Term
How do the position of enexymes and quinones in electron transport chains relate to reduction potential. |
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Definition
The more negative (higher up) pass to the more positive and the change is the reduction potential. |
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Term
EM ED and HMS differences |
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Definition
HMS: produces sugars needed for biosynthesis
ED: only 1 APT produced
EM: uses substrate level phosphorlation more ATP then ED |
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Term
How is the bacterial cell wall assembled? |
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Definition
UDP-NAM is synthesized inside the cell and 5 amino acids are added sequentially to form a pentapeptide side chain. Special enzyes are used to add the side chains so tRNA and ribosomes are not involved. It is non UDP-NAM pentapeptide.UDP-NAM is synthesized inside the cell and 5 amino acids are added sequentially to form a pentapeptide side chain. Special enzyes are used to add the side chains so tRNA and ribsobomes are not involved. It is non UDP-NAM pentapeptide.pentapeptide precursor. The completed NAMNAG precursor is transfered across the membrane b the bactoprenol the disachharide pentapeptide is then transfered to the growing end of the peptidoglycan chain outsid the cell. The bactoprenol then reterns inside and loses a phosphate and is ready to repeart the transfer process. The peptide side chains are then linked to eachother using peptide bonds forming crosslinking. |
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Term
How are flagellae and pili assembled? |
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Definition
Falgellae: Assembly begins with synthesis of the MS-ring at the cytoplasm surface. Followed by insertion of proteins composing the basal body including motor shaft proteins and the hook. The addition of motor stator proteins (MOT A and B), The Motor switch protiens and buildup of the filament (FilC subunits). The secretion of proteins across the membrane is done through type III secretion. FilC subunits are transferred through the hollow core of the basal body shaft. hook and growing filament where they self assemble into a helically wound structure.
Pili: The pilus is assembled from subunits secreted into the periplasm. PapC is assembled first and subunits that are at the tip are assembled first while the ones closest to the cell are assembled last. PapD is a periplasmic chaperone prevents misfolding and premature aggregation of the major and minor subunits of the filaments. |
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Term
How does bacterial motility function? |
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Definition
flagella are powered by proton motor force. The energy is used by mot proteins which act as a motor and drives flagellar rotation. |
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Term
What are the purposes of photosystems I and II in cyanobacteria? |
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Definition
Photosystem II occurs first and is the sight of photolysis which allows an electron to be boosted to a higher energy level. The passage of this electron to photosystem I drives synthesis of ATP.
Photosystem I: is responsible for reducing NADP+ or providing a reductant that can reduce NADP. |
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Term
Why does an organism degrade a compound? |
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Definition
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Term
How does an organism degrade a compound? |
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Definition
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Term
How do we find out if the organism degrades a compound? |
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Definition
you can use tests for the disappearance of compounds |
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Term
Why don’t all organisms degrade the compound? |
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Definition
They don't have the specific enzyme for degradation of that compound. |
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Term
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Definition
Microbes are present which utilize every constituent part/product as a source of carbon or energy
Microbes are present in every niche |
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Term
What is an end product of fermentation? |
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Definition
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Term
If a microbe lacked a sufficient iron source, which stage of respiration would be most affected? |
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Definition
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Term
Which of the following components of the electron chain are freely diffusible in the membrane? |
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Definition
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Term
According to the chemiosmotic mechanism, ATP is generated when |
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Definition
protons flow through ATPase. |
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Term
Which of the following would prevent chemiosmosis from generating ATP? |
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Definition
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Term
Glycolysis has a net yield of _______ molecules of ATP per molecule of glucose consumed. |
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Definition
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Term
The usual sequence of redox reactions in aerobic respiration is |
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Definition
NADH → flavoprotein → nonheme iron protein → CoQ → cytochromes. |
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Term
The generation of a proton motive force requires |
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Definition
a closed membrane compartment that is impermeable to protons. |
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Term
In addition to their ability to harvest light in the 400 to 500 nm range, carotenoids also... |
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Definition
intercept toxic single-state oxygen. |
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Term
Photosynthetic halophiles use bacteriorhodopsin... |
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Definition
to trap light energy and eject protons. |
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Term
In cyclic phosphorylation, ATP is formed when |
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Definition
sufficient protons are driven outside the membrane by the cytochrome bc1 complex. |
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Term
Which of the following can be used as a source of electrons in anoxic photosynthesis? |
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Definition
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Term
Antenna pigments can be an advantage to photosynthetic microorganisms because they can |
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Definition
absorb energy from light of different wavelengths, funneling energy of excitation to reaction centers. |
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Term
Incorrect All photosynthetic microorganisms possess all of the following features except |
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Definition
a capacity for substrate-level phosphorylation. |
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Term
The characterization of the bacteriorhodopsin system in Halobacterium lent support to |
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Definition
the chemiosmotic theory of ATP generation. |
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Term
The thylakoid is a photosynthetic structure characteristic of |
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Definition
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Term
In noncyclic electron flow in nonsulfur purple bacteria, electrons leaving the Q pool |
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Definition
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Term
During cyclic photosynthesis in nonsulfur purple bacteria, which of the following molecules or components acts as both the initial electron donor and the final electron acceptor? |
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Definition
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Term
There are ______ precursor metabolites that autotrophic bacteria must be able to make from their central metabolic pathways. |
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Definition
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Term
In addition to precursor metabolites, what is also produced during the TCA cycle? |
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Definition
2 CO2, 3 NADHs, 1 FADH2, 1 GTP |
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Term
Which of these reactions are used to replenish intermediates in central metabolic cycles? |
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Definition
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Term
The most abundant enzyme on Earth is probably ______. |
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Definition
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Term
Acetogenic bacteria produce acetate from ______ by using a key enzyme, acetyl-Co A synthetase/CO dehydrogenase. |
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Definition
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Term
The enzyme, GOGAT, is used to replenish ______ when NH4+ is limiting. |
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Definition
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Term
For every N2 that is fixed to 2NH3, ______ ATPs are used. |
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Definition
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Term
A malonyl-CoA is used per cycle during the biosynthesis of a fatty acid. This adds ______ per cycle. |
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Definition
2 carbons and releases 1 CO2 |
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Term
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Definition
Proton motive force (pmf) is the sum of the membrane electrical potential and the corresponding pH gradient. |
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Term
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Definition
Fermentation is defined as the sum of the anaerobic catabolic reactions that provide for the growth of microorganisms when energy is derived solely by substrate-level phosphorylation. |
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Term
How does photosynthesis with bactrorodopsin pigment differ from that due to chlorophyll? |
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Definition
Bacteriorhodopsin can absorb light energy and employ this excitation to carry protons from the cytoplasm to the outer surface of the cell, creating a proton motive force. and is a caratnoid structure |
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