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is a nucleic acid, a macromolecule that stores information. It consists of individual units called nucleotides
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| have 3 compents, a molecule of sugar, a phosphate group and a nitrogen containing molecule called a base |
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| Adenine- Thymine and Guanine-Cytosine |
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| like a twisted ladder, two sugar phosphate strands spiral around each other forming the backbones of DNA. The bases attached to the sugar molecules on one strand bond to those attached to the other strand to form the rungs |
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an organism’s complete set of DNA. In eukaryotes, this information can be found in the nucleus of almost every cell
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| one or more unique pieces of DNA- circular in prokaryotes, linear in eukaryotes- that together make up an organisms genome. Chromsomes vary in length and can consist of hundreds of millions of base pair |
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| : a specific sequence of DNA |
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| Different versions of a gene that code for the same trait |
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| genes that an organism carries for a particular trait |
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| physical manifestations of the instructions |
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| : the gene’s sequence is copied from DNA to a middleman molecule called mRNA |
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the gene’s sequence is now encoded in mRNA, which directs the production of a protein
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: the genes code is copied in the mRNA and moves out of the nueclues into the cytoplasm, where protiens are built
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| : the protein-production factories where amino acids are linked together in the proper order to produce the protein |
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interpret the mRNA code, translating the language of DNA- coded in the linear sequence of bases- into the language of proteins, coded in the linear sequences of amino acids
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: matches with tRNA molecule that carries a particular amino acid
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| the question of whether a gene is turned on- producing its protein product- or turned off |
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| region of DNA that RNA polymerase reconizes and binds to in order to produce an mRNA transcript of the genes |
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the region of DNA that a repressor protein can bind to and by doing so block RNA polymerase from transcribing the genes
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| which can be located within the operon, near the operon or elsewhere in the genome- code for repressor proteins that impede |
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| when something occurs to alter the sequence of bases in DNA |
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Term
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| in which organisms, cells, and their molecules are modified to achieve practical benefits |
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| the manipulation of organisms’ genetic material by adding, deleting or transplanting genes from one organism to another |
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serves as a protective cap and is located at each tip of every chromosome, right next to the genes that direct the process that keep the organism alive (the telemeter in most human cells are long enough to support about 50 cell divisions)
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| the long, linear strand is wrapped around proteins, which keep DNA from getting tangled and enable it to be tightly and efficiently packed in an orderly manner inside the cell |
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| which means “division in two” |
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| the method by which a cell creates an exact duplicate of each chromosome |
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| pinches the unit it divides into two new cells |
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| the new cell is called the daughter cell |
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because the daughter cell inherit their DNA from a single parent cell and thus are genetically identical to the parent cell
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a combination of DNA from two separate individuals is passed on to offspring
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| the cells forming the body of the organism |
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| are the sex cells or gametes |
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| the coiled, double stranded DNA molecule unwinds and separates into two strands |
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enzymes connect a nucleotide with the appropriate base to the growing new strand, as the base bonds with the exposed, complementary base
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| each of the two copies of the gene |
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passing of characteristics from parents to offspring through their genes
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always producing offspring with the same variant of the trait as the parents
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| when an individual inherits the same two allele for the gene |
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| when an individual inherits a different allele from each parent |
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| Mendel’s Law of Segregation |
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| the idea that, of the two copies of each gene everyone carries, only one of the two alleles gets put into a gamete |
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we illustrate the cross between a true-breeding pigmented individual
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traits that are controlled by genes on the sex chromosomes
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| : the phenotype of a heterozygous is intermediate between the phenotype of a heterozygote is intermediate between the phenotypes of the two homozygotes |
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| the heterozygote displays characteristics from both parents |
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in which a single gene has more than two alleles
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describes what happens when the effects of alleles from multiple genes all contribute to the ultimate phenotype
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Mendel’s Law of Independence |
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states one trait does not influence the inheritance of another trait
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Alleles that are closely linked on the same chromosome will be passed on to off spring in one bundle
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| specifically means a group of organisms of the same species living in a particular georgraphic region |
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| a change in allele frequencies of a population |
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| geneti drift leads to fixation when an allele's frequency becomes 100% in a population |
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| a random change in allele frequencies in a population |
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| gene flow; the movement of some individuals of a species from one population to another |
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Definition
1. There must be variation for the trait within a population
2. That variation must be heritable
3. individuals with one version of the trait must produce more offspring than those with a different version of that trait |
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| differential reproductive success |
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Definition
| from all the variation existing in a population, individuals with traits most suited to reproduction in their enviroment generally leave more offspring than do individuals with other traits |
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| the natural selection for mating success |
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| is said to occur when individuals with intermediate phenotypes are the most fit |
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| the study of distribution patterns of living organisms around the world |
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| a structure once usuful to organisms, but which has lost its function over evolutionary time; ex molars in bats because they have a liquid diet |
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| innate behavior: dont require any enviromental input to develop ex: fixed action pattern |
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| Which of the following are always the same in every DNA molecule |
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Definition
a) the sugar
b) the base
c) the phosphate
d) only a and b are always the same
e) only a and c are always the same |
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Genotype is to phenotype as
a) cookie is to oven
b) cookie is to recipe
c) cookie is to cookie
d) recipe is to cookie
e) oven is to cookie |
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Definition
a) cookie is to oven
b) cookie is to recipe
c) cookie is to cookie
d) recipe is to cookie
e) oven is to cookie |
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During transcription, at the point at which the DNA strand being copied has an adenine, a(n) _____ is added to the _____.
a) thymine; tRNA
b) cytosine; DNA
c) uracil; tRNA
d) adenine; mRNA
e) uracil; mRNA |
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Definition
a) thymine; tRNA
b) cytosine; DNA
c) uracil; tRNA
d) adenine; mRNA
e) uracil; mRNA |
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Deletions and substitutions are two types of point mutations. Which type is more likely to cause mistranslations of protiens?
a) substitutions, because they shift the reading frame and cause downstream amino acids to be changed
b) substitutions, because one protien is substituted for another protien.
c) deletions, because they shift the reading frame and cause downstram amino acids to be changed
d) deletions because one protein is deleted |
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Definition
a) substitutions, because they shift the reading frame and cause downstream amino acids to be changed
b) substitutions, because one protien is substituted for another protien.
c) deletions, because they shift the reading frame and cause downstram amino acids to be changed
d) deletions because one protein is deleted |
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Which of the following statements about the metabolism of ethanol (which is present in alcoholic beverages) i incorrect?
a) individuals who provide non-functioning aldehyde dehydrogenase exhibit " fast flusing"
b) the process requires two enzymes; alcohol dehydrogenase and isopropyl dehydrogenase
c) individuals who are "fast flushers" are less likely to become alcoholics
d)aspirin interferes with the action of alcohol dehydrogenase
e) all of the above |
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Definition
a) individuals who provide non-functioning aldehyde dehydrogenase exhibit " fast flusing"
b) the process requires two enzymes; alcohol dehydrogenase and isopropyl dehydrogenase
c) individuals who are "fast flushers" are less likely to become alcoholics
d)aspirin interferes with the action of alcohol dehydrogenase
e) all of the above |
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The polymerase chain reaction
a) makes it possible to create huge numbers of copies of timy pieces of DNA
b) enables researchers to determine the sequence of a complementary strand of DNA when they have only single stranded DNA
c) utikizes RNA polymerase to build strands of DNA
d) can create messanger RNA molecules from small pieces of DNA
e) all of the above |
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Definition
a) makes it possible to create huge numbers of copies of timy pieces of DNA
b) enables researchers to determine the sequence of a complementary strand of DNA when they have only single stranded DNA
c) utikizes RNA polymerase to build strands of DNA
d) can create messanger RNA molecules from small pieces of DNA
e) all of the above |
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Which of the following is not a difficulty that medicine has encountered in its attempts to cure human diseases through gene therapy?
a) the transfer organism -- usually a virus -- may get into unintended cells and cause diseases
b)Its difficult to get the working gene into the specific cells where it is needed
c) It is difficult to get the working gene into enough cells at the right rate to have a physiological effect
d) For many diseases, a malfunctioning gene has not been identified
e) All of the above |
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Definition
a) the transfer organism -- usually a virus -- may get into unintended cells and cause diseases
b)Its difficult to get the working gene into the specific cells where it is needed
c) It is difficult to get the working gene into enough cells at the right rate to have a physiological effect
d) For many diseases, a malfunctioning gene has not been identified
e) All of the above |
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Which of the following about Bt cyrstals is correct?
a) They are produced by soil-dwelling bacteria of the species Bacillus thuringiensis
b) The gene coding for the production of Bt cyrstals has been genetically engineered into the genome of dairy cows, increasing their milk production sixfold
c) They are produced by the polymerase chain reaction
d) they are produced by most weedy species of plants
e) all of the above |
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Definition
a) They are produced by soil-dwelling bacteria of the species Bacillus thuringiensis
b) The gene coding for the production of Bt cyrstals has been genetically engineered into the genome of dairy cows, increasing their milk production sixfold
c) They are produced by the polymerase chain reaction *****
d) they are produced by most weedy species of plants
e) all of the above |
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Which of the following about telomeres is incorrecct?
a) they function like a counter, keeping track of how many times a cell has divided
b) At birth, they are long enough to permit approximately 50 cell divisions in most cells
c) they are slightly shorter in prokaryotic cells than in eukarotic cells
d) they funtion like a protective cap on chromosomes
e) they contain no critical genes |
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Definition
a) they function like a counter, keeping track of how many times a cell has divided
b) At birth, they are long enough to permit approximately 50 cell divisions in most cells
c) they are slightly shorter in prokaryotic cells than in eukarotic cells****
d) they funtion like a protective cap on chromosomes
e) they contain no critical genes |
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Term
prokaryotic cell divide via
a) mitosis
b) binary fission
c) meiosis
d) both mitosis and binary fission
e) none of the above |
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Definition
a) mitosis
b) binary fission***
c) meiosis
d) both mitosis and binary fission
e) none of the above |
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In multicellular organsims, cells that undergo mitotic division but not meiotic division are called _____ cells
a) somosis
b) skin
c) interphase
d) somatic
e) germ |
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Definition
a) somosis
b) skin
c) interphase
d) somatic
e) germ*** |
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The ____ marks the break in the cell cycle between the end of mitosis and begining of the DNA synthesis stage
a) mitotic phase
b) synthesis phase
c) Gap 2 phase
d) Gap 1 phase
e) none of the above |
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Definition
a) mitotic phase
b) synthesis phase
c) Gap 2 phase
d) Gap 1 phase***
e) none of the above |
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Term
Mitosis results in:
a) daughter cells with twice as much genetic material as the parent cell and a unique collection of alleles
b) eight daughter cells
c) daughter cells with the same number and composition of chromosomes
d)gametes
e) daughter cells with the same number of chromosomes but different combinations of alleles |
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Definition
a) daughter cells with twice as much genetic material as the parent cell and a unique collection of alleles
b) eight daughter cells
c) daughter cells with the same number and composition of chromosomes***
d)gametes
e) daughter cells with the same number of chromosomes but different combinations of alleles |
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Term
Using a light microscope, it is eaiser to see chomosomes:
a) during mitosis and meiosis, because the condensed chromosomes are thicker and therefore more prominent
b) during interphase, when they are concentrated in the nucleus
c) in the mitochondria, because the chromosomes are circular
d) during asexual reproduction
e) during interphase, because they are uncoiled and have a more linear structure |
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Definition
a) during mitosis and meiosis, because the condensed chromosomes are thicker and therefore more prominent***
b) during interphase, when they are concentrated in the nucleus
c) in the mitochondria, because the chromosomes are circular
d) during asexual reproduction
e) during interphase, because they are uncoiled and have a more linear structure |
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Term
The division of the cytoplasm during cell division is referred to as:
a) cytoplasm splicing
b) cytokinesis
c) vegetative growth
d) cytodivision
e) hybernation |
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Definition
a) cytoplasm splicing
b) cytokinesis***
c) vegetative growth
d) cytodivision
e) hybernation |
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Which of the following statements about a tumor is correct?
a) benign tumors pose less of a health risk than malignant tumore
b) Malignant tumors shed cancer cells that can spread to other parts of the body
c) tumors are caused by excessive growth and division
d) Cancer cells from malignant tumors can travel to other parts of the body in a process called metastasis
e) they contain c ells with abnormally high contact inhibition |
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Definition
a) benign tumors pose less of a health risk than malignant tumore
b) Malignant tumors shed cancer cells that can spread to other parts of the body
c) tumors are caused by excessive growth and division
d) Cancer cells from malignant tumors can travel to other parts of the body in a process called metastasis
e) they contain c ells with abnormally high contact inhibition*** |
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During meiosis but not mitosis:
a) haploid gametes are produced that are all identical in their allelic composition
b) division of the cytoplasm occurs
c) chromosomes line up in the center of the cell during meteaphase
d) genetic variation among the daughter cells is increased
e) two identical daughter cells are produced |
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Definition
a) haploid gametes are produced that are all identical in their allelic composition
b) division of the cytoplasm occurs
c) chromosomes line up in the center of the cell during meteaphase
d) genetic variation among the daughter cells is increased****
e) two identical daughter cells are produced |
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Term
Sister chromatids are:
a) the result of crossing over
b) identical molecules of DNA resulting from replication
c) homologous chromosomes
d) produced in meiosis but not mitosis
e) single-standed |
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Definition
a) the result of crossing over
b) identical molecules of DNA**** resulting from replication
c) homologous chromosomes
d) produced in meiosis but |
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Term
Which of the following occurs during prophase I of meiosis?
a) spindle fibers form
b) Homologous pairs of chromosomes align at the metaphase plate
c) Homologues come very close together
d) crossing over occurs between sister chromotids
e) chromosomes condense |
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Definition
a) spindle fibers form
b) Homologous pairs of chromosomes align at the metaphase plate***
c) Homologues come very close together
d) crossing over occurs between sister chromotids
e) chromosomes condense |
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Term
What type of chromosomal abnormality leads to the phenotype known as Downs syndrome?
a) trisomy 21
b) momosomny 21
c) monosomy 22
d) trisomy 22
e) disomy 21 |
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Definition
a) trisomy 21***
b) momosomny 21
c) monosomy 22
d) trisomy 22
e) disomy 21 |
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Nondisjunction
a) is unequal division of the genetic materail during cell division
b) occurs during meiosis but not mitosis
c) occurs in males but not females among mammals, and in females but not males among birds
d) leads to a missing or extra chromosome
e) both A and D |
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Definition
a) is unequal division of the genetic materail during cell division
b) occurs during meiosis but not mitosis
c) occurs in males but not females among mammals, and in females but not males among birds
d) leads to a missing or extra chromosome
e) both A and D **** |
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Traits that are determined by a single gene:
a) occur in single-celled organisms, but not in humans
b) are common in humans
c) must occur on the X chromosomes, because males have only a single X and so the gene must be able to function in the absence of its homologous allele
d) include eye and skin color
e) can only have two alleles |
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Definition
a) occur in single-celled organisms, but not in humans
b) are common in humans****
c) must occur on the X chromosomes, because males have only a single X and so the gene must be able to function in the absence of its homologous allele
d) include eye and skin color
e) can only have two alleles |
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Which of the following is correct requarding pedigree analysis?
a) darkened squares or circles always represent individuals with the trait being traced
b) white squares always represent heterozygous individuals
c) horizontal lines connect sibilings
d) the length of the vertical line is dependent on the relatedness between two individuals
e) squares represent females, and circles represent males |
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Definition
a) darkened squares or circles always represent individuals with the trait being traced****
b) white squares always represent heterozygous individuals
c) horizontal lines connect sibilings
d) the length of the vertical line is dependent on the relatedness between two individuals
e) squares represent females, and circles represent males |
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Which of the following traits shows a polygenic method of inheritance?
a) flower color in snapdragons
b) blood type in humans
c) seed color in peas
d) sickle- cell disease in humans
e) skin color in humans |
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Definition
a) flower color in snapdragons
b) blood type in humans
c) seed color in peas
d) sickle- cell disease in humans
e) skin color in humans **** |
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The impact of a single gene on more than one characteristic is called:
a) incomplete dominance
b) environmentalism
c) balanced polymorphism
d) pleiotrophy
e) codominance |
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Definition
a) incomplete dominance
b) environmentalism
c) balanced polymorphism
d) pleiotrophy ****
e) codominance |
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