Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What type of tissue are cartilage and bone made of? |
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Definition
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Term
| Skeleton begins as__________, then it _________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Cartilage remains where _________ and __________ are needed. |
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Definition
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Term
| Cells that form cartilage |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the matrix of cartilage |
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Definition
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Term
| Degree of vascularity in cartilage |
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Definition
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Term
| Cartilage's ability to regenerate |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the purpose of perichondrium |
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Definition
| surround cartilage; it is dense irregular CT |
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Term
| 3 Subclasses of cartilage |
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Definition
| Hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage |
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Term
|
Definition
| most abundant, large number of fine collagen fibers, firm support and some flexibility; |
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Term
| Types of hyaline cartilage |
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Definition
| articular, costal, nasal, respiratory |
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Term
| Articular hyaline cartilage |
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Definition
| at joints, reduces friction and absorbs compression at joints |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Respiratory hyaline cartilage |
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Definition
| larynx, trachea, bronchi; keeps large airways open |
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Term
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Definition
| the part of the skeleton that includes the skull and spinal column and sternum and ribs |
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Term
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Definition
| more elastic fibers, stretchier than hyaline, located where strength ad exceptional stretchability are needed: epiglottis and external ear |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| intermediate between hyaline and dense regular CT (proper); rows of chondrocytes alternate with thick parallel bundles of visible collagen fibers; stiff but compressible= shock absorber |
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Term
| Fibrocartliage can be found in |
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Definition
| intervertebral discs, knee meniscus, pubic symphysis |
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Term
| 4 types of bones classified by shape |
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Definition
| long, short, flat, irregular |
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Term
|
Definition
| well-vascularized, formed by osteoblasts, has excellent ability to regenerate, and it has a calcified matrix |
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Term
|
Definition
| longer than it is wide; all limb bones EXCEPT carpals, tarsals, and patellae |
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Term
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Definition
| tubular shaft; surrounds medullar cavity filled with yellow bone marrow (fat) |
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Term
|
Definition
| bone ends; found at proximal and distal ends covered in articular cartilage to reduce friction and absorb compression at joints |
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Term
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Definition
| separates the diaphysis and epiphysis; remnant of the epiphyseal growth plate |
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Term
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Definition
| where bone is lengthening- seen in children |
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Term
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Definition
| CT membrane surrounding the bone except at the epiphyses where articular cartilage is already located; dense irregular CT; blood vessels and nerves pass through here; new bone tissue may be added or removed |
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Term
|
Definition
| delicate CT membrane that lines the medullary cavity; where new bone tissue may be added or removed |
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Term
|
Definition
| divide to form new osteoblasts |
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Term
|
Definition
| produce bone matrix ("bone-makers") and become mature osteocytes |
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Term
|
Definition
| mature bone cell that monitors and maintains the mineralized bone matrix |
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Term
|
Definition
| resorb bone ("bone-breakers") |
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Term
| Short, flat, and irregular bones do not have |
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Definition
| diaphysis, epiphyses, or medullary cavity |
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Term
|
Definition
| cubelike bones; includes tarsal, carpals, patellae (sesamoid); special type of short bone |
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Term
|
Definition
| thin, flattened bones; include sternum, ribs, scapulae, roofing bones of skull |
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Term
|
Definition
| irregular shape; vertebrae, hip bones, certain facial and cranial bones |
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Term
|
Definition
| projections for muscle attachment; depressions and openings for passage of blood vessels and nerves |
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| 2 types of osseous tissue |
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Definition
| compact bone and spongy bone |
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Term
|
Definition
| dense smooth appearance; basic structural unit: osteon (Haversian system) |
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Term
|
Definition
| tiny parallel pillars of bone |
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Term
|
Definition
| lamellae= concentric cylinders of bone |
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|
Term
| What do lamellae surround? |
|
Definition
| central (Haversian) canal; parallel to long axis of osteon; carries blood vessels and nerves |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in mature bone, osteoblasts become osteocytes embedded; cavities within calcified matrix |
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Term
|
Definition
| tiny channels that interconnect the osteocytes and carry nutrients from cell to cell |
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|
Term
| Perforating (Volkmann's) canal |
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Definition
| at right angles to central canal; interconnect blood vessels from bone surface to interior |
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Term
|
Definition
| aka diploe; open spongy appearance, no osteons; structural units are trabeculae |
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Term
|
Definition
| thin beams of bone; have osteocytes embedded in lacunae; align along lines of stress; provide maximum support but keep bone lightweight |
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|
Term
| arrangement of spongy bone |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| spongy bone center surrounded by compact bone; flat bone |
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Term
|
Definition
| irregular bone; spongy bone surrounded by compact bone |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bony skeleton forms from cartilage |
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|
Term
| infant through young adult bone |
|
Definition
| bones lengthen; grow to adult size |
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Term
|
Definition
| bone remodeling or repair |
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Term
|
Definition
| process of bone formation |
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Term
|
Definition
| intramembranous and endochondral |
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|
Term
| intramembranous ossification |
|
Definition
| within membrane; from existing fibrous CT membrane; includes: "roofing" bones of skull and clavicles |
|
|
Term
| endochondral ossification |
|
Definition
| bone forms from model of hyaline cartilage; cartilage forms first, dies, then replaced with bone; occurs as embryo, includes all bones except roofing and clavicles; continues through puberty as long bones lengthen |
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Term
|
Definition
| long bones lengthen via endochondral ossification; occurs at epiphyseal growth plate and articular cartilage (both hyaline) |
|
|
Term
| Why does the diaphysis widen? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What cells beneath the peristeoum are here? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is cone resorbed from inside the medullary cavity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| continuous remodeling seen in adult skeleton; rate of bone resorption=rate of bone deposit; mass stays constant |
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|
Term
| putting stress on bone will allow it to grow |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mechanical and gravitational factors affect bone remodeling; bone stress can change with weight/exercise; increase weight/exercise=thicken bone at point of greatest stress |
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|
Term
| At which point of the diaphysis of a long bone would you expect to be the thickest? |
|
Definition
| Midpoint of the diaphysis |
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Term
|
Definition
| bone has excellent regeneration; similar to wound repair; involves intramembranous and endochondral ossificatino |
|
|
Term
| How many bones are in the body? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| 3 major regions of axial skeleton |
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Definition
| skull, thoracic cage, vertebral column |
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Term
|
Definition
| 8 bones; enclose the brain in the cranial cavity |
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|
Term
| How many bones are in the skull? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| form facial features and cavities for organs |
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|
Term
| All bones except the _________ interconnect via ________; non-movable joints |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| have layer of spongy bone known as diploe; surround and protect brain; are flat bones; are formed by intramembranous ossification |
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Term
|
Definition
| unpaired; anterior portion of cranium; forms forehead and roof of orbits |
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Term
|
Definition
| paired; "paries"= walls; form the superior and lateral walls of the skull |
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Term
|
Definition
| unpaired; forms most of posterior wall and base of the skull; articulates with 1st vertebra (atlas) at the occipital condyles |
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|
Term
| Features of occipital bone |
|
Definition
| foramen magnum and occipital condyles |
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Term
|
Definition
| big hole that allows spinal cord to go through |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| rounded articular projections articulate with atlas to form the atlanto-occipital joint |
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Term
|
Definition
| paired; located inferior to the parietal bone |
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|
Term
| Bone features of Temporal bone |
|
Definition
| external acoustic meatus, mastoid process |
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Term
|
Definition
| sound waves pass through here |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| attaches to sternocleidomastoid muscle |
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Term
|
Definition
| unpaired cranial bone; complex bat shape; articulates with all other cranial bones |
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Term
|
Definition
| of sphenoid bone= "Turk's saddle"; bony depression in which the pituitary gland sits |
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Term
|
Definition
| unpaired cranial bone, inside; deepest cranial bone= nose |
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Term
|
Definition
| zygomatic bones; paired; zygomatic process of temporal bone |
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Term
|
Definition
| paired facial bones; form the bridge of nose; attach to frontal bone and maxillae; attach to nasal cartilage of external nose |
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Term
|
Definition
| ethmoid bone; forms cavity and superior part of nasal septum; cribriform plates=punctured by tiny holes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| delicate, shell or scroll shaped; created turbulence in inspired air; air swirls; particles strike mucosa lining the nasal cavity and becoming trapped in mucus |
|
|
Term
| What epithelium forms the mucous membrane in the nasal cavity? |
|
Definition
| pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium mixed with goblet cells |
|
|
Term
| True or false: the occipital condyles articulate with the atlas to form the atlanto-occipital joint |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| formed by mandible; unpaired facial bone; largest strongest facial bone; only freely movable bone in skull |
|
|
Term
| 2 bone features of mandible |
|
Definition
| mandibular condyles and sockets for lower teeth |
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Term
|
Definition
| formed by maxillae which fuse medially; have sockets for upper teeth; are the keystones of face; articulate with all other facial bones except mandible |
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Term
|
Definition
| formed by maxillae and palatine bones; forms the posterior hard palate; both pairs of facial bones normally fuse medially |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| failure of maxillae and palantine bones to fuse medially; may also be upper lip |
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Term
|
Definition
| not skull bone, does not articulate directly with any other bone, site of attachment for small muscles for swallowing and speech |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| axial support for trunk, surrounds and protects spinal cord, 26 irregular bones (vertebrae), separated by intervertebral discs |
|
|
Term
| Vertebral column encloses the vertebral cavity in which closed body cavity? |
|
Definition
| Dorsal body cavity; attachment point for ribs and numerous back/neck muscles |
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Term
|
Definition
| outer ring of firbocartliage; compressible |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| semifluid center of collagen and elastic fibers; elastic/compressible |
|
|
Term
| How many cervical vertebrae are there? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many thoracic vertebrae? |
|
Definition
| 12; thoracic cage and ribs attach here |
|
|
Term
| How many lumbar vertebrae? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1 bone, from 5 fused vertebrae |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1 bone from 4 fused vertebrae=tailbone |
|
|
Term
| Thoracic and sacral curvatures |
|
Definition
| convex posterity; seen at birth; baby has C-shaped vertebral column |
|
|
Term
| Cervical and lumbar curvatures |
|
Definition
| concave posterity; secondary, develop after birth/reflect changes in shape of discs |
|
|
Term
| What is true about the cervical, thoracic , and lumbar regions of the vertebral column? |
|
Definition
| the overall size of the vertebrae tends to increase as you descend from cervical to lumbar; transverse foramina are a special feature of cervical vertebrae |
|
|
Term
| Overall size of the vertebrae increase going from cervical to thoracic to lumbar regions. Why? |
|
Definition
| Size increases as vertebrae bear more weight |
|
|
Term
| Regional characteristic of vertebrae |
|
Definition
| differences in size and shape of vertebral body, shape and length of spinous fluid, size and shape of vertebral foramen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| C1 to C7. lightest and smallest vertebrae, C1=atlas and C2=axis are atypical |
|
|
Term
| Typical cervical vertebra |
|
Definition
| small oval, vertebral foramen= large, triangular; bifid spinous process (except C7); transverse foramina carries blood vessels to brain |
|
|
Term
| Typical cervical vertebra |
|
Definition
| small oval, vertebral foramen= large, triangular; bifid spinous process (except C7); transverse foramina carries blood vessels to brain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ring of bone, no body or spinous process, articulates with occipital condyles and forms atlanto-occipital joint; lets you nod head "yes" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| has body and bifid spinous process, has dens (odontoid process)/ a tooth-shaped process projecting superiorly from body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| dens of axis articulate with atlas to form this joint, pivot point for rotation of atlas about the axis; lets you shake head "no" |
|
|
Term
| What shape is vertebral body of thoracic vertebrae? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do each thoracic vertebrae articulate with? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In thoracic vertebrae, the articular processes between adjacent vertebrae allow what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| largest, bear the most weight; kidney shaped, vertebral foramen= large and triangular |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| articulates with the ilium of each hip bone to form sacroiliac joints; helps stabilize perlvis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| composed of thoracic vertebrae (T1-T12), sternum, and ribs and their costal cartilages |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| protects heart and lungs, supports pectoral girdles and upper limbs, attaches to breathing muscles-diaphragm and intercostal muscles |
|
|
Term
| True or False: men and women have the same number of ribs |
|
Definition
| True; ribs attach posterioirly |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| vertebrosternal; pairs 1-7; attach directly to the sternum by individual costal cartilages |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pairs 8-12; vertebronchondral ribs (8-10) and vertebral "floating" ribs" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pairs 8-10; attach indirectly to sternum by joining costal cartilage of rib above |
|
|
Term
| Vertebral (floating) ribs |
|
Definition
| pairs 11-12, no attachments to sternum |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| shoulder, clavicle and scapula; attach upper limbs to axial skeleton, attach muscles that move the upper limbs, 2 girdles-articulate anteriorly but not posteriorly, allows free movement of shoulders |
|
|
Term
| Clavicle attaches medially to what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pectoral girdle lateral end attaches to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| act as braces, hold scapulae and arms out laterally, break easily, designed to snap outward |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| flat, triangular; on dorsal surface of rib cage; has acromion and glenoid cavity |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| arm (humerus), forearm (radius and ulna), and hand (carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| only bone of the arm (shoulder to elbow); classified as long bone; head at proximal end articulates with glenoid cavity; forms shoulder joint;distal end articulates with radius and ulna |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| head of humerus fits into glenoid cavity; freely movable but easily dislocated |
|
|
Term
| What is another name for shoulder joint? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Humerus articulates with ___________ of ulna to form _____________ |
|
Definition
| olecranon process; elbow joint |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| medial forearm bone; contribute the most to form the elbow joint with humerus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lateral forearm bone; same side as thumb,distal end articulate with certain carpals to form wrist (radiocarpal) joint |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| eight short bones (carpals); some articulate with radius |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| five metacarpal bones (I, II, III, IV, V) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| each finder (digit), except the thumb has 3 phalanges--proximal, middle, and distal; thumb has no middle phalanx |
|
|
Term
| What type of bones are metacarpals and phalanges? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The knuckle joints are _________________, where the _____ end of a metacarpal articulates with the ____________end of the __________ proximal phalanx |
|
Definition
| metacarppphalangeal joints; distal; peoximal; proximal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| two hip bones= coxal; attach lower limbs to axial skeleton with strong ligaments; transmit weight of upper body to lower limbs, support pelvic organs |
|
|
Term
| These bones articulate with each other |
|
Definition
| humerus and scapula; radius and ulna, ulna with humerus; humerus and radius |
|
|
Term
| Hip bones are what type of bone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| All 3 bones in the pelvic girdle are _____ and form _________ |
|
Definition
| hip bones, sacrum, and coccyx; acetabulum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "vinegar cup"; deep socket; articulates with head of femur to form hip joint |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| attaches to thigh muscles; supports your weight when you're sitting |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| opening for blood vessels, nerves |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| attaches to gluteal muscles |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| femur, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| only bone in thigh; is largest strongest bone in body; head articulates with hip bone to for hip joint; distal articulates with tibia and patella to make knee joint; does NOT articulate with fibula |
|
|
Term
| condyles articulate with tibia to form _________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| larger leg bone, medial and on same side as big toe; bears body's weight- transmits it to foot |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| slender lateral bone, sticklike; helps stabilize the ankle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| large rough projection at anterior end of tibia attaches to patellar ligament |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inner bulge of ankle; articulates with talus |
|
|
Term
| How many bones are in the hand? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The ankle has ___ tasrsals |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sole of foot has ___ metatarsals |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| unites left and right illium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True or false: All joints are movable |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| site where two or more bones meet "join" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fluid-filled joint includes most joints in body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| covers ends of bones absorbs compression |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fluid-filled space between bones |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| encloses the joint cavity and has 2 parts: fibrous capsule and synovial membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| outer layer of dense irregular CT; continuous with periosteum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inner layer; lines fibrous capsule |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| slippery fluid that lubricates the articular surfaces |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| dense regular CT connect bone to bone |
|
|
Term
| Gliding movements of synovial joints |
|
Definition
| bones glide past or over each other; examples: intercarpal joints, intertarsal joints, between articular processes of vertebrae |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| change angle between bones; flexion, extension, hyperextension, abduction, adduction, and circumduction |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| excessive extension beyond normal range of motion |
|
|
Term
| Flexion and extension of the neck occur at what joint? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| movement AWAY from the midline along frontal plane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| opposite of abduction; movement TOWARD the midline |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| flexion +abduction+extension+adduction; move a limb to describe a cone in space |
|
|
Term
| At which joint would circumduction of the head take place? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| turn bone around its own long axis; examples: C1 and C2; atlanto-axial, medial and lateral rotation of head as the atlas rotates about the dens of the axis; rotation of humerus or femur in their sockets |
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Term
|
Definition
| the atlas articulates with the occipital condyles of the occipital bone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the atlas articulates with the dens of the axis |
|
|
Term
| Movements or radius around ulna |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lateral rotation of forearm; palms face forward |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| medial rotation of forearm; radius crosses ulna like an "X"; palms face backward |
|
|
Term
| Movements of foot at ankle joint |
|
Definition
| Dorsiflexion and plantar flexion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| upward movement; foot moves toward shin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| downward movement; foot moves away from shin |
|
|
Term
| movements of foot intertarsak joints |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Movements in transverse plane |
|
Definition
| protraction and retraction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| anterior movement, jut out the mandible and hunch shoulders forward |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| posterior movement, pull mandible back and square shoulders back |
|
|
Term
| Superior and inferior movements |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lift body part superiorly; raise mandible to close mouth and shrug shoulders up |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| move body part inferiorly, lower mandible to open mouth; lower shoulders down |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| movement so that thumb touches tips of other fingers |
|
|
Term
| six types, based on shape of articular surfaces |
|
Definition
| plane, hinge, pivot, condyloid, saddle, ball and socket |
|
|
Term
| What is true about arm flexion? |
|
Definition
| occurs at shoulder joint, is the forward movement of the arm (humerus) in the anterior/posterior plane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gliding joints; angles do not change between bones; articular surfaces are flat and glide past each other |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| motion along a single plane; flexion and extension are only possible movements |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rounded end of one bone fits onto a "sleeve", or ring of another bone; allows rotation about the long axis of a bone |
|
|
Term
| Pivoting atlanto-axial joint |
|
Definition
| atlas pivots around the dens of the axis; allows rotation of head |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| both articular surfaces are oval; permit all angular movements: flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and circumduction |
|
|
Term
| The condyloid joints include |
|
Definition
| knuckle joints (metacarpophalangeal and metatarsophalangeal), atlanto-occipital joint, wrist (radiocarpal) joint |
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Term
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Definition
| allow same movements as condyloid joints plus opposition; each articular surface has both concave and convex areas (like saddle) |
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Term
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Definition
| most freely movable synovial joints; rounded head of a bone fits into a depression; examples: hip and shoulder joints |
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Term
| Which movements of the head are possible at the atlanto-axial joint? |
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Definition
| medial and lateral rotation |
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