Term
| 1. _____ is a disorder characterized by abnormal rarefaction of bone, occurring most frequently in post-menopausal women, in sedentary or immobilized individuals, and in patients on long term steroid use. |
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Definition
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Term
| 2. _____ is a protein matrix found in bone that a chiropractor can give to osteoporotic patients. |
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Definition
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Term
| 3. 7 non-changeable risk factors for the development of osteoporosis. |
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Definition
| 1) FAMILY HISTORY OF OSTEOPOROSIS, 2) WHITE OR ASIAN FEMALES, 3) POST-MENOPAUSAL, 4) HYSTERECTOMY, 5) INADEQUATE CALCIUM INTAKE, 6) EXCESS PROTEIN IN DIET, 7) SEDENTARY EXERCISE |
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Term
| 4. Why are post-menopausal women at risk of developing osteoporosis? |
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Definition
| DUE TO DECREASED ESTROGEN LEVELS |
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Term
| 5. Why does a hysterectomy increase ones chances of developing osteoporosis? |
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Definition
| BECAUSE OVARIES PRODUCE MOST OF ONES ESTOGEN |
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Term
| 6. When one has a hysterectomy they must receive _____ therapy. |
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Definition
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Term
| 7. 3 s/s that a women needs estrogen. |
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Definition
| 1) HOT FLASHES, 2) MOOD SWINGS, 3) VAGINAL DRYNESS |
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Term
| 8. 10 changeable risk factors for the development of osteoporosis. |
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Definition
| 1) SMOKING, 2) EXCESSIVE ALCOHOL, 3) HIGH CAFFEINE INTAKE, 4) LONG-TERM GLUCOCORTICOID THERAPY, 5) LONG TERM ANTI-CONVULSANTS, 8) HYPERPARATHYROIDISM, 9)CUSHINGS, 10) TYPE 1 DIABETES |
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Term
| 9. _____ is a s/s in women that they are getting too much estrogen. |
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Definition
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Term
| 10. Why is long-term corticosteroid use bad? |
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Definition
| IT SHUTS DOWN INFLAMMATION DECREASING HEALING |
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Term
| 11. When one receives hormone replacement therapy, it increases cancer risks by _____%. |
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Definition
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Term
| 12. Osteoporosis loves to target these 6 places in the body. |
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Definition
| 1) HUMERAL HEAD, 2) T/L SPINE, 3) ISCHIUM, 4) FEMORAL HEAD, 5) KNEE, 6) RADIUS |
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Term
| 13. Osteoporotic compression fractures may not be _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| 14. A _____ will occur on the superior vertebral endplate indicating a compression fracture has occurred. |
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Definition
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Term
| 15. _____% of bone loss must occur to see radioluciencies on x-ray. |
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Definition
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Term
| 16. 8 osteoporosis preventative measures. |
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Definition
| 1) GET ADEQUATE CALCIUM, 2) GET ADEQUATE EXERCISE, 3) AVOID TOBACCO AND ALCOHOL, 4) AVOID EXCESS CAFFEINE, 5) BE AWARE OF HIGH RISK MEDS, 6) CONSIDER ESTROGEN REPLACEMENT, 7) KNOW YOUR RISK FACTORS, 8) SCREENING BONE DENSITY TESTING |
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Term
| 17. _____ is the best screening test for osteoporosis. |
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Definition
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Term
| 18. 6 assessment tools for osteoporosis. |
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Definition
| 1) CONVENTIONAL RADIOGRAPHY, 2) PHOTODENSITOMETRY, 3) DEXA, 4) QTC, 5) BONE SONOMETRY, 6) SINGLE-PHOTON ABSORPTIONETRY |
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Term
| 19. This assessment tool for osteoporosis requires the absorption of photons passed through bone from a collimated radioactive source. |
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Definition
| SINGLE PHOTON ABSORPTIOMETRY |
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Term
| 20. Single photon absorptiometry results varies _____ with mineral density of bone. |
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Definition
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Term
| 21. Single-photon absorptiometry is best done on this body part. |
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Definition
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Term
| 22. A DEXA scan of the _____ is the most accurate measurement for osteoporosis. |
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Definition
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Term
| 23. When reading a bone density report a _____ is the normal value of a healthy person. |
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Definition
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Term
| 24. When reading a bone density report a _____ is what we would expect to be normal in a patient that age. |
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Definition
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Term
| 25. _____ is a value for bone mineral density (BMD), or bone mineral content (BMC) within 1 standard deviation (SD) of the young adult reference mean. |
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Definition
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Term
| 26. _____ is a value of BMD or BMC more than 1 standard deviation below the young adult mean, but less than 2.5 SD. |
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Definition
| LOW BONE MASS (OSTEOPENIA) |
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Term
| 27. _____ is a value for BMD or BMC 2.5 SD or more below the young adult mean. |
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Definition
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Term
| 28. _____ is a value for BMD or BMC more than 2.5 SD below the young adult mean in the presence of one or more fragility fractures. |
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Definition
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Term
| 29. This is the best calcium to give to a patient with osteoporosis because it is the best calcium to absorb. |
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Definition
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Term
| 30. This is a BAD calcium to give to an osteoporotic patient because it is hard to absorb. |
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Definition
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Term
| 31. A doctor must be careful when prescribing these 5 treatment protocols. |
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Definition
| 1) CALCIUM CARBONATE, 2) ESTROGEN, 3) FOSAMAX (BISPHOSPHATE), 4) MIACALCIN SPRAY, 5) FLOURIDE |
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Term
| 32. Why should a chiropractor worry when prescribing Fosamax (biphosphate)? |
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Definition
| IT DEPOSITS IN BONE PERMINANTLY AND BUILDS INFERIOR BONE |
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Term
| 33. These 6 supplements should be prescribed to a patient with osteoporosis. |
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Definition
| 1) CALCIUM CITRATE, 2) VITAMIN D, 3) MCHC, 4) ISOFLAVONES, 5) TRACE MINERALS, 6) ANTIOXIDANTS, 7) GLUCOSAMINE SULFATE |
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Term
| 34. _____ is a single supplement that contains all the correct nutrition for a patient with osteoporosis. |
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Definition
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Term
| 35. These 4 life-style changes should be made in a patient with osteoporosis. |
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Definition
| 1) EXERCISE, 2) DIET, 3) REDUCTION OF RISK FACTORS, 4) VIBRATION PLATES |
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Term
| 36. These are 3 high risk areas chiro’s must worry about when adjusting an osteoporotic patient. |
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Definition
| 1) RIBS, 2) MID-BACK, 3) HIP |
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Term
| 37. _____ is a compression fracture surgical procedure that involves the injection of acrylic bone cement into the collapsed vertebral body. The goal of the procedure is pain relief and bone and spinal strengthening. |
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Definition
| PERCUTANEOUS VERTEBROPLASTY |
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Term
| 38. 4 indications of treatment for percutaneous vertebroplasty. |
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Definition
| 1) PAINFUL OSTEOPOROTIC FRACTURES, 2) PAINFUL METASTASES AND MULTIPLE MYELOMA, 3) PAINFUL VERTEBRAL HEMANGIOMA, 4) PAINFULL FX WITH OSTEONECROSIS |
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Term
| 39. 3 risks of receiving percutaneous vertebroplasty. |
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Definition
| 1) RISK OF BONE CEMENT LEAK, 2) SPINAL DEFORMITIES, 3) NOT DESIGNED TO REPOSITION BONE |
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Term
| 40. Vascular changes commonly observed with aging may aggravate several disease processes that may present as _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| 41. 5 common complaints of an older person with vascular changes. |
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Definition
| 1) LEG PAIN, 2) LEG OR ARM EDEMA, 3) PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASE, 4) SKIN DISCOLORATION, 5) ULCERATIONS |
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Term
| 42. The incidence of both _____ and _____ cardiovascular problems increase with aging. |
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Definition
| HYPERTENSION AND ATHEROSCLEROSIS |
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Term
| 43. Many studies have revealed that aging is associated with marked _____ and _____ changes of the blood vessel wall. |
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Definition
| STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL |
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Term
| 44. If a chiro believes a patient may have had a heart attack, but the patient does not have a lot of risk factors or a previous history of heart conditions, send them to a lab at the hospital to get a _____. |
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Definition
| BLOOD TEST (CPK, LDH, ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE) |
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Term
| 45. Vascular tone and peripheral vascular resistance are determined by _____ that contract and relax in response to neurotransmitters and circulating hormones. |
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Definition
| VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS |
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Term
| 46. _____ takes part in the local regulation of vascular tone by releasing relaxing and contracting factors. These normal changes may offer an explanation for the various vascular symptoms including pain, cramps, swelling, and skin changes observed in the older patient. |
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Definition
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Term
| 47. This is the good cholesterol. |
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Definition
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Term
| 48. This is bad cholesterol. |
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Definition
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Term
| 49. Levels of LDL should not exceed _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| 50. Arterial wall stiffness _____ and arterial compliance _____ with age. This can happen independent of arterial pressure and may actually explain why systolic hypertension is a common disorder in the older person. |
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Definition
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Term
| 51. Systolic blood pressure _____ with aging even in the absence of clinical hypertension. |
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Definition
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Term
| 52. Aging blood vessels have greater _____ and _____ which may help in compensating for decreased blood flow. |
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Definition
| LUMEN DIAMETER AND WALL THICKNESS |
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Term
| 53. _____ occurs due to the accumulation of collagen, smooth muscle cells, and mononuclear macrophage like cells. |
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Definition
| SUBENDOTHELIAL SPACE THICKENING |
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Term
| 54. Medial collagen content also _____, and medial smooth muscle and elastin content _____ with age. These microscopic changes can compromise tissue perfusion leading to leg discomfort, skin discoloration, and skin ulceration. |
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Definition
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Term
| 55. _____ cells that are normally elongated in the direction of blood flow become more rounded, flattened, and increase in volume leading to increased thickness. These changes can further retard blood flow leading to vascular insufficiency. |
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Definition
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Term
| 56. The development of atherosclerosis may occur when deposits of cholesterol and plaque accumulate at a _____ of an artery. |
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Definition
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Term
| 57. As the deposits harden and occlude the arterial lumen, blood flow to distant tissues decreases, and a clot may become lodged completely _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| 58. 7 causes of tears in arterial walls. |
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Definition
| 1) SEDINTARY LIFESTYLE, 2) UNCONTROLLED HYPERTENSION, 3) SMOKING, 4) DIABETES, 5) POOR DIET, 6) LACK OF ANTIOXIDANTS, 7) STRESS |
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Term
| 59. 2 lab tests to determine inflammation in blood vessel lumen. |
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Definition
| 1) HEART SENSITIVE CRP , 2) HOMOCYSTEINE |
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Term
| 60. There is a decrease in _____ mediated relaxation in vasculature with aging. This may be the reason why a beta blocker may not always be an effective agent to lower blood pressure. |
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Definition
| BETA-ANDRENERGIC RECEPTOR |
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Term
| 61. _____ contraction in vascular smooth muscle appears to be unchanged with aging, so their blocking drugs are still effective and very useful for isolated systolic hypertension. |
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Definition
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Term
| 62. The release of _____ decreases with aging. These changes can augment vascular insufficiency and may be the basis for the progression of vascular disease. |
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Definition
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Term
| 63. Levels of _____ produced by vessel walls progressively decrease with increasing age. This can conveniently aggravate peripheral vascular disease and is the reason why aspirin may improve blood flow. |
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Definition
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Term
| 64. Endothelin potentiates contraction induced by _____ which may contribute to exacerbation of vascular symptoms in situations of sympathetic overdrive as seen in stress in the older person. |
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Definition
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Term
| 65. With a diet high in _____, monocytes adhere to the endothelium at the endothelial junctions migrating into the subendothelium, where they accumulate lipid and become foam cells. |
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Definition
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Term
| 66. _____ which is the thickening and hardening of arterial walls, is an age related disorder that is responsible for the majority of deaths and is by far the leading cause of death in the US in people over 65. |
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Definition
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Term
| 67. Atherosclerosis shows no symptoms until a _____ occurs. |
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Definition
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Term
| 68. Which arteries are most commonly affected by atherosclerosis? |
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Definition
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Term
| 69. _____ is a waxy, fat like material that is found in all parts of the body. |
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Definition
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Term
| 70. 2 places where cholesterol comes from. |
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Definition
| 1) PRODUCTION IN THE LIVER, 2) CONSUMED IN FOOD |
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Term
| 71. _____ is an arterial condition in the elderly that commonly presents as claudication, which may limit their walking distance and activities. |
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Definition
| PERIPHERAL VASCULAR DISEASE |
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Term
| 72. 4 clinical presentations of an acute arterial occlusion. |
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Definition
| 1) PALLOR, 2) PARESTHESIA, 3) PULSELESSNESS, 4) PARALYSIS |
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Term
| 73. _____ is commonly prescribed to improve blood flow during an acute arterial occlusion. It works through its anti-platelet aggregation mechanism, leading to increase tissue perfusion. |
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Definition
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Term
| 74. What is the most common cause of AAA? |
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Definition
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Term
| 75. What is the best test to order to confirm a AAA? |
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Definition
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Term
| 76. _____ is an aneurysm in an extremity where a weak area of a blood vessel expands or bulges significantly. |
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Definition
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Term
| 77. _____ are localized dilation of an artery involving all 3 layers of the vessel. They are usually atherosclerotic and increase in size with aging. |
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Definition
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Term
| 78. _____ is the most common aneurysm found in the elderly. |
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Definition
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Term
| 79. _____ is recommended with an AAA is associated with symptoms when the diameter is 5cm or greater, or when there is a rapid increase in diameter (0.5cm within 3 months). |
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Definition
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Term
| 80. Dilated veins on lower legs, aching of legs worsening with prolonged standing, and leg edema are the most common presenting symptoms of _____. |
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Definition
| VARICOSE VEINS (SUPERFICIAL VENOUS INSUFFICIENCY) |
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Term
| 81. _____% of an individuals health after the age of 40 is dependent upon what the person has done to his or her genes, not the genes themselves. |
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Definition
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Term
| 82. 4 heart disorder risk factors you can’t change. |
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Definition
| 1) AGE, 2) RACE, 3) GENDER, 4) GEREDITY |
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Term
| 83. 6 heart disorder risk factors you can change. |
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Definition
| 1) HIGH CHOLESTEROL, 2) HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE, 3) SMOKING, 4) OBESITY, 5) INACTIVITY, 6) STRESS |
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Term
| 84. When should you talk to a patient about reducing cardiovascular risk factors? |
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Definition
| AFTER TREATING THEIR CC, WHEN THE PATIENT IS COMPLIANT |
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Term
| 85. A doctor should consider checking _____ and _____ if a patient has high risk for heart disease. |
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Definition
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Term
| 86. D.D. Palmer recommended adjusting _____ for heart trouble. |
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Definition
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Term
| 87. If a patient has a fast heart, the chiro should adjust _____ to stimulate the parasympathetics and vagus to slow the rhythm of the heart. |
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Definition
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Term
| 88. If a patient has a slow heart, the chiro should adjust _____ to stimulate the sympathetics to increase heart rate and contraction power. |
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Definition
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Term
| 89. 6 s/s of a patient with coronary heart disease. |
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Definition
| 1) CLAUDICATION, 2) SOB, 3) CHEST PAIN, 4) HYPERHOMOCYSTEINEMIA, 5) + CRP, 6) HIGH RISK FACTORS |
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Term
| 90. 8 exam findings of a patient with coronary heart disease. |
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Definition
| 1) ELEVATED LIPIDS, 2) HYPERTENSION, 3) OBESITY, 4) T WAVE INVERSION ON EKG, 5) STRESS INCREASE, 6) ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY, 7) ANGIOGRAPHY |
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Term
| 91. Thee 6 labs should be ordered for a patient with coronary heart disease. |
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Definition
| 1) CARDIAC ENZYMES, 2) LIPIDS, 3) HYPERHOMOCYSTEINEMIA, 4) CRP, 5) GLUCOSE, 6) URIC ACID |
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Term
| 92. 12 nutrition recommendations for a patient with coronary heart disease. |
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Definition
| 1) VITAMIN E, 2) CO-Q-10, 3) OMEGA-3, 4) POLICOSANOL, 5) NIACIN, 6) RED RICE YEAST, 7) GARLIC, 8) FOLIC ACID, 9) GUGGUL, 10) HAWTHORN, 11) GINKO BILOBA, 12) WATER SOLUBLE FIBER |
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Term
| 93. Where should you adjust for a patient with a murmur or arrhythmia? |
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Definition
| UPPER CERVICALS AND PELVIS |
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Term
| 94. 4 nutrition recommendations for a patient with a murmur or arrhythmia. |
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Definition
| 1) VITAMIN E, 2) B COMPLEX, 3) CO Q-10, 4) MAGNESIUM |
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Term
| 95. Every patient that takes an antibiotic must take a _____ to regenerate normal gut flora. |
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Definition
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Term
| 96. 30% of patients taking statin drugs will develop _____. |
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Definition
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