Term
| Describe Vertical economy |
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Definition
Fertile cresent known as current Middle Eastern
Composed of highland plateu, hilly flank(woodlands), lowland steppe(treeless),and alluvial plains |
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Definition
| Referred to as garden of eden. Most fertile place in the vertical economy. |
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Term
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Definition
12,500-10,500 B.P
Initially adapted this time of economy. Tried to re create the productivity of hilly flanks. |
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Term
| Challenges of surplus production |
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Definition
Greater organization of harvest
greater limitation of access
increased routinization of distribution
new limits on consumption |
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Term
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Definition
| The result of trying to recreate the hilly flanks. Wheat was genetically altered and planted in different niches, Sheep and goats altered to be smaller. More efficient |
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Term
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Definition
| Bringing in water to a community, allowed for cities to form. |
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Term
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Definition
| Surpluses required administration. Became the state. Based on surplus takers and production organizers. |
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Term
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Definition
| New social classes (artisans, soldiers, clergy) depended on this surplus production to live. Wealth concentrated on those with surplus. |
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Term
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Definition
| Disease and epidemics, poor diets, poverty and inequality,crime,large scale warfare, slavery,environmental degradation. |
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Term
| Different adaptive strategies |
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Definition
Foraging(hunting and gathering)
Horticulture
agriculture
pastoralism |
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Term
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Definition
Depends on naturally available foods
Small pops. is reliable and allows leisure. Mobile. Does not encourage social stratification. Only distinctions are man or woman, and young or old. |
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Term
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Definition
Slash and Burn. Simple tools(hoes, digging sticks, axes, machetes, fire)
Low pop. density. Sexual division of labor. descent groups appear, low grade warfare, some leaders, still based on whole consensus |
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Definition
More complex tools(plows, draft animals, irrigation!, soil conservation)
Permanent settlement. Higher productivity. More radical alteration of environment |
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Definition
| Based around the animals. Mobile. Go where food is available for the animals. Live off production of animal goods (milk, cheese) |
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Definition
| Separation from consumer and production of food. Mechanization. Sell labor for money to buy goods |
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Term
| Different exchanges and distribution methods |
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Definition
Reciprocity
Redistribution
Markets |
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Term
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Definition
General(dont expect anything in return;kin)
Balanced(expect something in return)
Negative(Full compensation) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Descent from one ancestor
Patrilineal and Matrilineal |
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Term
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Definition
Subsistence(money used for food to replace calories used)
replacement(money spent on replacing items to sustain production)
Social(money given to help friends)
Ceremonial(festival honoring someones death)
Rent(payment as the use of poverty) |
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Term
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Definition
Virilocality(living with relatives of the groom)
Uxorilocality(living with relatives of the bride)
Neolocality(Living apart from relatives of bride and groom) |
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Definition
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Definition
| Having same descent as another, but a different kind |
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Definition
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Term
Parallel cousin
Cross Cousin |
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Definition
Parallel is kids from dads same sex relative(Male uncle)
Cross is kids from fathers opposite sex relative(Aunts kids) |
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Term
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Definition
| The household in which you live in. Growing up with family is your parents and brothers. When you're married, its the family you raised. When you live with more than 3 generations, its no longer nuclear, but rather extended famiy |
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Term
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Definition
| Bifurcate merging. Societies with matrilineal or patrilineal descent groups |
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Term
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Definition
| permanent connection due to common ancestor lineage predetermined by society in which they live in. |
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Definition
| Hawaiian.Ambilineal descent groups. Some foragers. |
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Term
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Definition
Exogamy is marrying outside ones kin group.
Endogamy is marriage between people in same social group |
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Term
| Cases of exchanged by marriage |
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Definition
Bridewealth
Dowry
levirate
sororate |
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Term
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Definition
| Gifts given by grooms family to brides family |
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Term
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Definition
| gifts given by brides family to grooms family. |
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Term
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Definition
| a man inherits his deads brothers wife |
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Definition
| a man replaces his dead wife with her sister. |
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Definition
| preserve the relationship between the 2 groups of kin |
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Term
Polygyny
Polyandry
Serial Monogamy |
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Definition
man with several wives
woman with several husbands
several spouses, but only 1 at a time |
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Term
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Definition
inbreeding avoidance,instinctive or otherwise
Familiarity breeds contempt, attempt
Prevention of domestic chaos
Marry out or die out. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sex is biologically transcribed by genitalia. Gender is culturally transcribed by gender roles in that society |
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Term
| Public domestic dichotomy |
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Definition
The relationship between the house and the outside world.Outside world includes (politics, warfare)
Gender stratification due to men being more apparent in public events. |
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Term
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Definition
| the biological differences between men and women. Men are taller and weigh more. |
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Term
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Definition
| Northern Albanian Trannies are considered honorary men. Hijras are castrated men. |
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Term
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Definition
Bands
Tribes
Chiefdom
States |
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Term
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Definition
| Small kin based group found among foragers. Foragers |
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Term
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Definition
| have economys based on non intensive food production. Organized into kin groups based on common descent. No government. Horticulture/pastoralist |
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Term
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Definition
| Social relations based mainly on kinship, descent, marriage,age. Feature differential access to resources and a permanent political structure. |
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Definition
| based on a formal government structure and socioeconomic stratification. Industrial/agricultural |
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Term
| Qualites that run a state |
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Definition
| Control of its own population through census-taking, boundary defense and definitions of citizenships |
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Term
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Definition
| Judicial policy; that is, the making of laws and their interpretation by judges, who must be trained and appointed |
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Term
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Definition
| enforcement of laws and legal decisions by permanent military and police forces, whomust be trained and equipped |
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Definition
| Fiscal policy, that is,the printing and minting of money,insuring its value. |
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Term
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Definition
| In N!ai’s world, the division of labor and forms of inequality are based on differences in age and sex. This is true of many foraging societies, which tend to be organized in bands, groups of kin with flexible membership and egalitarian, informal relations among members |
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Term
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Definition
| Power wealth,and prestige are monopolized by the ruling class. |
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Term
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Definition
1. the growing complexity of food production and the size of production surpluses
2. the growth of political associations that are larger than kinship and are defined in ways that transcend kinship, or limit it.
3. the emergence of permanent offices as opposed to personality-based roles
4. the development of “politics” as a specialized activity as opposed to one dimension of more general forms of social interaction
5. the establishment of larger, more densely concentrated human populations
6. increasing levels of social inequality |
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Term
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Definition
| religion grew out of need to explain dreams and trance states |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Setting mana filled things apart as sacred, inaccessible, powerful,or dangerous. |
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Definition
| refers to supernatural techniques to accomplish specific aims. |
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Term
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Definition
| magical actions, offerings, spells, formulas, and incantations |
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Term
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Definition
Separation
Liminality/communitas
incorporation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Uniforms. Reverse of normal social behavior. Permanent liminals always wear the uniform. Like Hijas |
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Term
| Inclusive definition of religion |
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Definition
| Religion is an attempt to link the world we inhabit to worlds we cannot see. This link is made using systems of beliefs and practices that concern sacred things. These systems of beliefs and practices unite into one moral community all those who adhere to them. This sense of moral community enables people to define, control, change, and give meaning to the world they inhabit and the worlds they cannot see |
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Term
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Definition
| A single world system committed to production for sale or exchange, with object to maximizing profits. |
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Term
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Definition
| Idea that an identifiable social system, based on wealth and power differentials, extends beyond individual countries. |
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Term
Core
Periphery
Semi-periphery |
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Definition
Core is the strongest most advanced nations
semi-periphery is the intermediate between core and periphery.
Periphery is least privelaged countries that rely on raw materials. |
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Term
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Definition
| Caste is closed. Born into role based on parents position. CLass is open allowing a lower end man to become successful |
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Term
| States, communities, Firms |
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Definition
| States are defined as interests groups, citizens. Firms define the same as markets and employers.. And communities. |
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Term
| Weber difference than marxism |
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Definition
| He thought marx was too simple. Believed that race, ethnicity, nationality could take priority over class. |
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Term
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Definition
Made as inclusion and connection
Causes exclusion and disconnection |
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Definition
Made as complementary
Causes hierarchy |
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Definition
Made for balance and leveling
Causes inequality and stratification |
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Definition
Made for source of well-being and control
Causes control and domination |
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Term
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Definition
Made to regulate social/economic systems
Causes legitimization of inequality in those systems |
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Term
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Definition
| groups that extend across the wole tribe, spanning several villages |
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