Term
| In the United States, the head of a cabinet level department is usually a...? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are expressed powers, delegated power, and inherent powers? |
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Definition
| Expressed powers are specific powers granted in article ii, sections 2 and 3 in the constitution. Delegated are powers assigned to one agency in the constitution but exercised by another with the permission of the first. And inherent powers are powers claimed that are inferred but not expressed in the Constitution. |
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Term
| What are specific powers granted to the president under Article II, Sections 2 and 3, of the Constitution? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are constitutional powers that are assigned to one government agency, but exercised by another agency with the express permission of the first? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are powers claimed by a president that are not expressed in the Constitution, but are inferred from it? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are expressed powers of the President? |
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Definition
| Make treaties, grant pardons, nominate judges, etc. |
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Term
| What are delegated powers of the President? |
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Definition
| Congress delegating powers to bureaucratic agencies in the executive branch. |
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Term
| What are inherent powers of the President? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the eight presidential powers? |
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Definition
| Make treaties, make appointments, veto legislation, execute the laws (bureaucratic agencies), recommend laws, convene congress, issue pardons, commander in chief of armed forces. |
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Term
| What does more president power need in order to be validated. |
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Definition
| 2/3 senate and/or house approval. |
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Term
| What is one or more of the houses of Congress are of a different political party than the president? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is when Congress and the president are of the same political party? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are ways presidents avoid being checked? |
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Definition
| Make executive agreement, temporary appointments and unofficial cabinet, pocket veto, federal agencies to institutionalize presidency, executive orders, wars engaged without declaration and consent of congress |
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Term
| What is executive privilege? |
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Definition
| The claim that confidential communications between the president and the president's close advisers should not be revealed without the consent of the president. |
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Term
| What is the claim that confidential communications between the president and the president's close advisers should not be revealed without the consent of the president. |
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Definition
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Term
| What three factors support presidential power? |
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Definition
| Speed, secrecy, and representation. |
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Term
| What are the downfalls of the three factors of presidency? (Speed, secrecy, and representation)? |
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Definition
| It was not intended for legislation to be passed quickly; congress has already proven to protect national secrets over the year; no clear reason why president was elected as well as electoral college. |
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Term
| What is the name of the president's unofficial cabinet? |
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Definition
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Term
| What makes up the official cabinet of the presidency? |
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Definition
| Secretaries, or chief administrators, of the major departments of the federal government. |
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Term
| What is the name of the presidential foreign policy advisory council? |
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Definition
| The National Security Council |
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Term
| What is an executive order? |
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Definition
| A rule or regulation issued by the president that has the effect and formal status of legislation. |
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Term
| What is a rule or regulation issued by the president that has the effect and formal status of legislation? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is one of the few unchecked powers of the president? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the War Powers Act of 1973? |
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Definition
| If the president has admitted armed forces he must notify Congress within 48 hours and only 60 days can be used without approval. |
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Term
| What forces a president to notify Congress within 48 hours if he admitted armed forced and not have more than 60 days without approval? |
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Definition
| The War Powers Act of 1973. |
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Term
| What is a legislative initiative? |
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Definition
| The president's inherent power to bring a legislative agenda before Congress. |
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Term
| What is a president's inherent power to bring a legislative agenda before Congress? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the Executive Office of the President (EOP)? |
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Definition
| The permanent agencies that perform defined management tasks for the president. |
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Term
| What are the permanent agencies that perform defined management taks for the president? |
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Definition
| The Executive Office of the President (EOP). |
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Term
| For what two purposes does the vice president serve? |
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Definition
| To succeed the president in case of death or incapacitation, and to preside over the Senate in the case of a tie-breaking vote. |
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Term
| What other purpose can the vice president serve? |
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Definition
| Electoral support for the presidenccy. |
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Term
| What are three sources for presidential power? |
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Definition
| Party, public support, and persuasion |
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Term
| What is a signing statement? |
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Definition
| An announcement made by the president when a bill is signed into law. |
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Term
| What is an announcement made by the president when a bill is signed into law. |
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Definition
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Term
| Why are signing statement's used? |
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Definition
| To point to sections of the law they deemed improper or unconstitutional and instruct agencies on how they want the law executed. |
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Term
| What are the three myths of expanding presidential power? |
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Definition
| Grounds of superior capacity to respond to emergencies, president's championing national interest and being above the party (personal and political interests can outweigh presidential concern for public interest), and that the presidency is more democratic than congress |
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Term
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Definition
| The complex structure of offices, tasks, rules, and principles of organization that are employed by all large-scale institutions to coordinate the work of their personnel. |
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Term
| What is the complex structure of offices, tasks, rules, and principles of organization that are employed by all large-scale institutions to coordinate the work of their personnel. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the federal bureaucracy comprised of ? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who is called the Attorney General? |
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Definition
| The Department of Justice. |
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Term
| Who is the chief justice? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are examples of bureaucracy? |
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Definition
| Oldest: department of state; Largest Department of defence; Newest: department of homeland security; Most everyday: FDA; Most controversial: EPA. |
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Term
| What are the three characteristics of bureaucracy? |
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Definition
Hierachal: responsibility and accountability at individual levels;
Specialization: experts in policy areas and increased efficiency (can fast-track for life-saving issues); Impersonal rules: Standardized rules for spending funds and hire, promotion, and pay (impersonal because always the same). |
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Term
| What are four ways bureaucracy makes laws? |
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Definition
| Make rules, regulate business and citizens, provide services, and research. |
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Term
| What is the purpose of the Department of Homeland Security? |
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Definition
| To serve and the communication and cooperation cabinet for all cabinet information. |
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Term
| Who serves and the communication and cooperation cabinet for all cabinet information. |
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Definition
| The Department of Homeland Security. |
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Term
| What are the four common misperceptions of the bureaucracy? |
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Definition
| Too many employees (decreased as percentage of workforce); Too much regulation (necessary for safety and uniformity); Too high salaries (paid less than in the private sector for similar work); and Too inefficient (effeicent for what they do with the number of people they have). |
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Term
| What are the three suggestions to fix bureaucracy? |
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Definition
| Privatization (replacing government control in the private sector to save money); Devolution (take power away from national government and devolve it to state and local levels); Termination: (elimination of the program and department). |
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Term
| Who are the two masters of bureaucracy? |
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Definition
| Congress (writes the legislation, rules for agencies, funding, and holds hearings) and The President (oversee legislation implemention, can be directed by executive order, and can be persuaded to follow presidential agenda). |
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Term
| What is the problem of the dual masters of bureaucracy? |
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Definition
| In agreement agencies follow orders however when they disagree agencies follow autonomy and do what they want. (because of this sometimes called fourth branch of government). |
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Term
| What are the four types of bureaucracy? |
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Definition
| Cabinet departments, independent agencies, government corporations, independent regulatory commissions. |
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Term
| What is bureaucratic drift? |
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Definition
| The oft-observed phenomenon of bureaucratic implementation that produces policy more to the liking of the bureaucracy than faithful to the original intention of the legislation that created it, but without triggering a political reaction from elected officials. |
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Term
| What is the phenomenon when bureaucratic implementation produces policy more to the liking of the bureaucracy than faithful to the original intention of the legislation that created it, but without triggering a political reaction from elected officials. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The effort by Congress, through hearings, investigations, and other techniques, to exercise control over the activities of executive agencies. |
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Term
| What is the effort by Congress, through hearing, investigations, and other techniques, to exercise control over the activities of executive agencies? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Transportation Security Administration |
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Term
| What are the three courts of the judiciary and in what order does a case move upward? |
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Definition
| Trial courts to Appellate Courts (appeal of trial court decisions) to Supreme Courts. |
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Term
| What percentage of cases are accepted by higher courts for appeals? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many judicial circuits are there? |
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Definition
| 11-12 california is in 9. |
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Term
| What does the chief justice do? |
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Definition
| Presides over oral arguments, decides who writes the court's opinion, and presides over impeachment trial in Senate. |
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Term
| Who was the first female justice? |
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Definition
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Term
| How do justices get on the Court? |
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Definition
| Appointed for life by president nomination when there is a vacancy. It is then approved by the Senate. |
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Term
| What are the main considerations when appointing a justice? |
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Definition
| Political ideology and diversity. |
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Term
| What are the two interpretations of the Constitution? |
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Definition
| Judicial Restraint (as written) and Judicial Activism (evolving document for modern times). |
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Term
| What is an example of judicial restraint? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is an example of judicial activism? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two ways a case can get to SCOTUS? |
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Definition
| Appellate Jurisdiction (works it way up) or Original jurisdiction (disputes between high entities like states and branches of government). |
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Term
| What is the Writ of certiorari? |
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Definition
| Ordering lower courts to send records. |
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Term
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Definition
| Four of the nine justices vote to review a lower court's decision. |
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Term
| What is an Amicus Curiae brief? |
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Definition
| "Friend of the Court"; briefs from outside groups that are made in an attempt to weigh in on the decision. |
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Term
| What are the types of opinions of SCOTUS? |
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Definition
| Majority; Concurring (agrees with ruling, but for different reason); and Dissenting (not unanimous with ruling). |
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Term
| What happened in Jacobellis v. Ohio (1964)? |
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Definition
| The "I know it when I see it" ruling. SCOTUS ruled that obscenity is not protected by the First Amendment and can be censored. |
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Term
| What happened in Miller v. California (1973)? |
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Definition
| Established the Miller Test. |
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Term
| What consists of the Miller test? |
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Definition
| 1) Prurient Interest (complies to community standards; local issue), 2) Patently Offensive (offensive according to state law) , 3) No value (lack of artistic, literary, political, or scientific value). |
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Term
| What are the two cases regarding obscenity? |
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Definition
| Jacobellis v. Ohio (1964), and Miller v. California (1964). |
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Term
| What happened in Marbury v. Madison (1803)? |
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Definition
| Interpreted for itself the power of judicial review. It was the first time the Supreme Court declared something "unconstitutional." |
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Term
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Definition
| The Court's power to determine the constitutionality of laws. |
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Term
| What is the Court's power to determine the constitutionality of laws? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are three reasons that SCOTUS operates without many checks? |
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Definition
| Appointed for life, salaries cannot be reduced by other branches, and confirmation process from limited public influence. |
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Term
| What are the reasons The Supreme Court became so powerful? |
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Definition
| Decided they had the power to interpret the Constitution and actions of the president. Little constitutional limitations, and claim of judicial review. They upset the balance of checks and balances. |
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Term
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Definition
| The branch of law that deals with disputes or actions involving criminal penalties (as opposed to civil law). |
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Term
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Definition
| A system of jurisprudence, including private law and governmental action, for settling disputes that do not involve criminal penalties. |
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Term
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Definition
| "Let the decision stand" The doctrine, whereby a previous decision by a court applies as a precedent in similar cases until overruled. |
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Term
| What means "Let the Decision stand"? A doctrine whereby a previous decision by a court applies as a precedent in similar cases until that decision is overruled. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The guarantee that no citizen may be subjected to arbitrary action by national or state government. |
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Term
| What is The guarantee that no citizen may be subjected to arbitrary action by national or state government? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the writ of habeas corpus? |
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Definition
| A court order demanding that an individual in custody be brought into court and shown the cause for detention. Habeas corpus is guaranteed by the Constitution and can be suspended only in cases of rebellion or invasion. |
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Term
| What is a court order demanding that an individual in custody be brought into court and shown the cause for detention and is guaranteed by the Constitution and can be suspended only in cases of rebellion or invasion. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is senatorial courtesy? |
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Definition
| The practice whereby the president, before formally nominating a person for a federal judgeship, finds out whether the senators from the candidate's state support the nomination. |
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Term
| What is the practice whereby the president, before formally nominating a person for a federal judgeship, finds out whether the senators from the candidate's state support the nomination. |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| A criterion used by courts to avoid hearing cases that no longer require resolution? |
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Term
| What is a criterion used by courts to avoid hearing cases that no longer require resolution? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the right of an individual or an organization to initiate a court case? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The right of an individual or an organization to initiate a court case. |
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Term
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Definition
| It is what the public thinks about an issue, a leader, an institution, or an event. |
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Term
| What are three factors that shape public opinion? |
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Definition
| Individual preferences, individual beliefs (can drive preferences), the choices available. |
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Term
| What are three ways we know about public opinion? |
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Definition
| Public behavior (voting or protests, surveys (can have bias), and media coverage.(gatekeeping) |
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Term
| What are the two sources of error for surveys? |
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Definition
| Sample bias and measurement error. |
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Term
| What is political socialization? |
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Definition
| The induction of individuals into the political culture; the process of learning the underlying beliefs and values on which the political system is based. |
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Term
| What is the induction of individuals into the political culture; the process of learning the underlying beliefs and values on which the political system is based? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are four components of political socialization? |
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Definition
| Information, education, context (family, race, gender), and social pressure. |
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Term
| What are agents of socialization? |
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Definition
| The social institutions, including families and schools, that help shape individual's basic political beliefs and values. |
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Term
| What is the social institutions, including families and schools, that help shape individuals' basic political beliefs and values. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a public-opinion poll? |
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Definition
| The scientific instrument for measuring public opinion. |
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Term
| What is a scientific instrument for measuring public opinion? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a probability sampling? |
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Definition
| A method used by pollsters to select a representative sample in which every individual in the population has an equal probability of being selected as a respondent. |
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Term
| What is the method used by pollsters to select a representative sample in which every individual in the population has an equal probability of being selected as a respondent? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A polling eror in which the sample is not representative of the population being studied, so that some opinions are over or underrepresented. |
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Term
| What is a polling error in which the sample is not representative of the population being studied, so that some opinions are over or underrepresented. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a measurement error? |
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Definition
| The failure to identify the true distribution of opinion within a population because of errors such as ambiguous or poorly worded questions. |
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Term
| What is a failure to identify the true distribution of opinion within a population because of errors such as ambiguous or poorly worded questions. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are salient interests? |
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Definition
| Attitudes or views that are especially important to the individual holding it. |
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Term
| What are attitudes or views that are especially important to the individual holding it. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is illusion of salience? |
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Definition
| The impression conveyed by polls that something is important to the public when it is not. |
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Term
| What is the impression conveyed by polls that something is important to the public when it is not? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the bandwagon effect? |
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Definition
| A shift in electoral support to the candidate whom public-opinion polls report as the front-runner. |
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Term
| What is a shift in electoral support to the candidate whom public-opinion polls report as the front-runner? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are three reasons why the government should not follow public opinion? |
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Definition
| Public opinion is inconsistent, public opinion changes rapidly, and public is inattentive or has no opinion at all. |
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Term
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Definition
| Media holds the gate to decide what stories are or are not covered. |
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Term
| What is Rational ignorance ? |
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Definition
| Occurs when the cost of educating oneself on an issue exceeds the potential benefit that the knowledge would provide. |
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Term
| What Occurs when the cost of educating oneself on an issue exceeds the potential benefit that the knowledge would provide? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why is participation important? |
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Definition
| Citizens can influence government and sustain democracy, government gains a sense of legitimacy and can be held accountable for actions. (Keeps politicians in check). |
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Term
| What is the Australian ballot? |
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Definition
| An electoral format that presents the names of all the candidates for any given office on the same ballot. Introduced at the end of the eighteen century to replace the partisan ballot and facilitate split-ticket voting. |
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Term
| What is An electoral format that presents the names of all the candidates for any given office on the same ballot. Introduced at the end of the eighteen century to replace the partisan ballot and facilitate split-ticket voting? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the five ways citizens participate? |
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Definition
| Vote (50 %), campaign (25%), communal communtiy group (33%), citizen contacting (25%), and protest (6%). |
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Term
| What is the differences between retrospective and prospective voting? |
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Definition
| Retrospective is made to look at decisions made in the past and Prospective is to look forward and believe in future of policies. |
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Term
| What are three reasons we are not rational voters? |
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Definition
| No candidate reflects all ideas, lack of choice, we don't know how the candidate will act in office. |
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Term
| Who participates most of the time in election processes? |
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Definition
| Higher education, higher income, older, partisan. |
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Term
| What are four ways to increase participation? |
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Definition
| Voting mandatory, voting holiday, relax registration laws, increase organizational membership. |
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Term
| What are the unique characteristics of the American election system? |
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Definition
| Low turnout, two party system, primary elections, and electoral college. |
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Term
| What are the ways the primary process distorts democracy? |
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Definition
| Increased influence of money, reduces turnout, increases media influence, and candidate incentive to change positions. |
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Term
| Why was the electoral college established? |
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Definition
| Founders did not trust citizens to elect president. |
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Term
| What essentially is the Electoral College? |
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Definition
| We vote for a set of electors who promise to vote for a candidate; there is not nationwide popular vote for president. |
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Term
| How many electors are in the Electoral College and how many does a candidate need to be President? |
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Definition
| 538; and 270 for president. (55 from California) |
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Term
| What is the differences between "Winner Take All" representation and proportional representation? |
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Definition
| The president who wins in that state earns all of it's Electoral college votes. In proportional representation the nominees earn votes proportional to the percentage of their votes in that state. |
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Term
| Reasons for and against Electoral College? |
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Definition
| For: it ensures small states get represented and it serves as an important part of federalism; Against: undemocratic and outdated. |
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Term
| What is the difference between plurality and majority rule? |
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Definition
| Plurality is an electoral system in which victory goes to the individual with the most votes, but not necessarly the majority of votes cast. A majority rule is to win the candidate must receive a majority of all votes cast. |
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Term
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Definition
| An individual's propensity to select candidates or parties based on the extent to which the individual agrees with one candidate more than others on specific issues. |
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Term
| What is An individual's propensity to select candidates or parties based on the extent to which the individual agrees with one candidate more than others on specific issues? |
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Definition
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