Term
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Definition
Also known as oviducts (divided into 4 sections)
(thin like spaghetti)
When egg is released from ovary, not in direct contact with FT, exact is not known but considered fimbria (fingerlike) scoop them up
Smooth muscle move egg down tubes
Fertilization occurs here then travels to uterus where it implants
If implants in fallopian tube can not be carried to birth, can result in mother's death
Cilia- fingerlike projection inside tubes that help them move. |
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Term
| Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) |
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Definition
Occurs in women
An infection of the upper reproductive tract
includes any infection of the pelvic cavity (fallopian tubes to peritoneal cavity)
fallopian tubes open to the upper body
Many cases of PID are caused by untreated STI's especially gonorrhea and chlamydia |
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Term
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Definition
Younger women coerced into sex with older men
Some men have multiple spouses and sexual intercourse can occur through forced marriages |
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Term
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Definition
Pathogen in the body but asymptomatic
most likely in women though it affects internal organs more often
not all "reproductive tract infections are STIs" |
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Term
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Definition
signs and symptoms occur
AIDs is an example
More stigmatizing than STIs |
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Term
| Non-Sexually Transmitted Infections |
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Definition
Vaginitis: infection in the vagina, symptom includes irritation & itching. Not sexually transmitted
Candiasis: (yeast infections) caused by fungal infection, can take antibiotics
Bacterial Vaginosis: Most common cause of unusual vaginal discharge. Often no itching or burning, discharge is off-color
Trichomonasis: single cell parasite that can lay dormant for years. 3/4 of women who have it never have a symptom - can also be sexually transmitted |
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Term
| Bacteria Sexually Transmitted Diseases |
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Definition
most respond to antibiotic treatment
Chlamydia: most prevalent disease, can be asymptomatic, mother has 70% chance of passing it on. DOES NOT NEED TO BE REPORTED
Gonorrhea: must be reported to health officials. 1/2 do not show symptoms, can go farther up reproductive track and cause more infections. Child will be born blind - ointment.
Syphilis: delicate organism, if goes untreated can lead to problems in central nervous system. Leads to many problems with child birth. No vaccine currently. |
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Term
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Definition
an only live in existing cells, not treatable
Herpes: Blisters on the skin surface, HSV-2 (genital herpes) is only through sexual contact. 1st breakout occurs 1-2 weeks after transmission and take 2-4 weeks to heal once blisters burst to sores. Can be asymptomatic, more common in girls, and no cure exists but medicine significantly reduces the virus.
Viral Hepatitis: A, B, C exist and can lead to death but are not typically associated as much with reproductive tract issues
HPV: most do not develop symptoms - 90% of people clear after 2 years. 50% of men and women have it over a lifetime, some strains realted to cervical cancer, Guardasil, Cervavarix protects against HPV.
HIV: 2x more likely in females b/c of structure of vagina. People remain asymptomatic for 9-11 years, turns to AIDS |
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Term
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Definition
The monthly changes that constitute the ovarian and the endometrial cycles, dependent on changing concentration of estrogen and progesterone.
Gonadotropin- releasing hormone (GnRH) is released from the hypothalamus. This causes a reaction in the pituitary gland that releases FSH & LH. On day 12 there is a surge of LH and FSH that trigger ovulation. |
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Term
| Female Reproductive Cycle |
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Definition
Monthly fluctuation of reproductive hormones and the physiological changes that they produce.
Length varies from 21-45 days
Menese last 2-7 days
Ovulation occurs on the 14th day before menstruation
Provided into 3 district but interconnected events
1. ovarian cycle
2. endometrial cycle
3. hormonal cycle |
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Term
| Cultural Aspects of Menstruation |
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Definition
Research on menstruation focuses on negative experiences (physical and psychological on both men and women)
do not know enough about causes of/treatments for common menstrual problems such as:
Endometriosis
Primary & Secondary amenorrhea
Dysmenorrhea
US has highest hysterectomy rate in the world (1/3 by age of 60) - not medically necessary |
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Term
| Advertising surrounding menstruation |
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Definition
Leaves negative impressions on both men and women
Hormonal contraceptives used to "control" or eliminate bleeding
Pre-Menstrual Syndrome: medicalized as a debilitating mental health disorder |
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Term
| About "normal" menstrual cycles and menstruation patterns/symptoms |
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Definition
only 10-15% of cycles last exactly 28 days
Cycles vary from 20-40 days
Cycles longer or shorter than 28 days --> follicular phase varies most in length
Luteal phase stays constant (time from ovulation to menstruation almost always 14 days)
Variations exist in bleeding patterns, ovulation day, whether ovulation occurs every cycle
"power of charting" |
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Term
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Definition
folks may feel themselves ovulate through middle pain or mittelschmerz
changes that most people experience each cycle:
basal body temperature
cervical fluid
cervical position and feeling
ferning |
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Term
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Definition
a person's temperature is going to vary based on where they are in their hormonal cycle
temp. is lower during follicular phase
dips on day of ovulation/rises after ovulation and rises until menstruation
temperature increases caused by increased progesterone |
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Term
| Changes in Cervical Fluid |
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Definition
Glands in cervix secrete fluid throughout menstrual cycle
protects cervical os --> small opening to the cervix (keep out bacteria)
Glands respond to changing levels of estrogen and LH
As estrogen increases at the start of a new cycle --> fluid (mucous) is thick, tacky
When LH production begins (just before ovulation), fluid more thin and watery
Allows sperm to pass through during ovulation
After ovulation, fluid returns to former state |
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Term
| Cervical Position/Opening/and Feeling |
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Definition
Cervix firmer to the touch on non-fertile days
softer to the touch on fertile days
cervix slightly higher in the body on fertile days
subtle lengthening of the vagina
Os (cervical opening) is more open on fertile days |
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Term
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Definition
If sample of cervical fluid or saliva is taken just before ovulation, fern-shaped pattern is observable
putting it all together through charting |
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Term
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Definition
helps determine ovulation and when one can/can't get pregnant
pinpoints possible problems |
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Term
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Definition
Sperm can live inside body for up to 5 days
Egg is capable of being fertilized for about 12-24 hours after ovulation
Graph of people using not using concludes:
38% are not using contraception (possible people trying to get pregnant)
17% on the pill
17% female sterilization
10% condoms
6% male sterilization
4% hormonal
4% non-hormonal
3% IUD's |
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Term
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Definition
Mechanisms of action
Hormonal methods with estrogen --> inhibition of ovulation
Hormonal methods with progestin- also inhibit ovulation (but to a lesser extent than estrogen)
Thickening of cervical fluid/mucus
Inhibition of endometrium growth
IUD's work by preventing fertilization (and implantation)
Changes in uterus and fallopian tubes that make sperm passage difficult
Changes to the endometrium make implantation difficult |
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Term
| Contra-indications, side effects, benefits |
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Definition
Significant increases in certain circulatory system diseases
Problems with blood clotting in women (higher risk for over 35 smokers)
No evidence the pill causes cancer of the cervix, uterus or breast
Pill protects against endometrial and ovarian cancer
Pill may exacerbate pre-exisiting cancers such as breast cancer
Protective against PID
Menstrual benefits to OC and less likelihood of:
Dysmenorrheal
Menorrhagia (painful periods)
Menstrual-related migraines
Pelvic pain - endometriosis
58% OC users use the pill for non-contraceptive reasons
31% cramps
28% menstrual regulation
14% acne |
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Term
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Definition
YES (if you do not have problems with blood clots, heart disease, or breast cancer)
safer than carrying a baby to term
decreased libido |
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Term
| Intrauterine Devices (IUDs) |
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Definition
Small piece of plastic (various shapes and sizes inserted into uterus)
bad reputation with brand Dalkon Shield in the 70's
Shape has changed from ladybug to T-shaped design for better use and efficient removal |
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Term
| Consideration of cultural and historical context of contraceptives |
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Definition
sexuality and contraceptives
Old BW: fairly anti-IUD
WH: fairly anti-pill
media and pharamceutical companies are influential in what types of contraceptives you use
enormous advertising budget "vicious cycle of continued research and development" WH 539 |
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Term
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Definition
Sterilization pushed as means of population control (women lose rights to bear children)
Not the same as birth control (women have more rights)
After birth or surgery, women are notified that their tubes have been tied
Law 136 (around time of WW2): legal sterilization
Doctor's told women it was a "trend" to have tubes tied
"small family meant progress" |
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Term
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Definition
1/3 Puerto Rican women sterilized
24,000 women sterilized in two years
1974: 35% of women avg. age of 26 had been sterilized
Even in NYC hiring of sterilization doctors were hired to control population of poor and minority class. |
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Term
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Definition
Govt. forbids women to have abortions if they cannot afford it resulting in the idea that sterilization is the only contraceptive method available
Contraceptive choices influenced by:
capitalism, industry, employment patterns
global concerns and "crises"
family planning policies
gender ideology
notions of who should/shouldn't have children
women also exercised agency in seeking sterilizations
In U.S. doctors are more hesitant to sterilize |
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Term
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Definition
1st of many countries to have compulsory sterilization programs
first principal "targets": mentally retarded, mentally ill, some people with blindness, deafness, epiliepsy
later targets: black, chicana, and native american women
more than 65,000 sterilized in 33 state programs
1956: 27 states (WI included) had sterilization laws on the books that decreased after WW2 but lasted until 1981 |
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Term
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Definition
3 phases:
Follicular
Ovulation
Luteal Phase |
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Term
| Follicular Phase (Ovarian Cycle Stage 1) |
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Definition
| Day 1-13, several follicles, respond to increasing FSH,, dominate follicle produces more estrogen, this allows it to develop a fluid-filled pocket (Antrum). The hormone: inhibin is then released which suppresses FSH secretion --> allows one follicle per month matures |
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Term
| Ovulation (Ovarian Cycle Stage 2) |
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Definition
| Day 14- increased estrogen increases LH secretion which creates a surge that causes ovulation. Granlosa cells also begin to secrete more progesterone which helps egg to be released. |
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Term
| Luteal Phase (Ovarian Cycle Stage 3) |
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Definition
| ganulosa cells left behind and undergo metabolic changes + becomes corpus luteum. They produce estrogen and progesterone for 7 days after ovulation. "E" and "P" are at their highest and FSH and LH are lowest. After fertilization does not occur, the FHS and LH increase starting a new cycle |
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Term
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Definition
Uterus is prepared for potential pregnancy 3 phases
1. Menses
2. Proliferative
3. Secretory Phase |
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Term
| Menses (Endometrial Cycle) |
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Definition
| uterus lining (endometrium) has 2 layers, the superficial layer exists through the vagina. Estrogen and Progesterone levels lower and FSH levels rise. About 4 tablespoons exit. Enzymes stop clotting of this blood |
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Term
| Proliferative (Endometrial Cycle) |
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Definition
Main objective is to rebuild the endometrial after menstruation.
There is a rise in estrogen at this time |
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Term
| Secretory Phase (Endometrial Phase) |
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Definition
glands of the endometrium respond to progesterone, dilate and bring more nutrients. Endometrium becomes x2 thick as proliferative
hospitable for fertilized egg. If no egg fertilized, begins menses.
If zygote implants progesterone prevents another menstruation. |
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