Term
| 1. What sciences contribute to the study of Kinesiology? |
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Definition
anatomy and mechanics
mechanics= statics, dynamics/kinematics, kinetics |
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Term
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Definition
The study of forces and motion.
When applied to the human body it is referred to as biomechanics. |
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Term
| 3. What type of applied force is used during joint approximation? |
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Definition
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Term
| 4. When someone stops a car quickly and the seatbelt provides a passive force that stops the driver’s body from moving forward. This demonstrates which of Newton’s laws? |
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Definition
| Newton's First Law - Law of inertia |
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Term
| 5. What is the most common class of levers in human body? Explain why? |
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Definition
Third Class Levers
They are force reducers
Permit speed or movement of a small weight for a long distance.
effort force is greater than the resistance or load. |
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Term
| 6. If the axis of the joint is considered a fulcrum, what is the lever? |
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Definition
the lever is the long bone doing the movement
a lever can be any rigid object. |
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Term
| 7. Give an example of a first class lever. |
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Definition
seesaw
crowbar
pliers/scissors (double) |
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Term
| 7. Give an example of a second class lever. |
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Definition
wheelbarrow
nail clippers (the handle)
nutcracker
faucet |
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Term
| 7. Give an example of a third class lever. |
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Definition
broom
fishing pole
tweezers
chopsticks
catapult |
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Term
| 7. Example of exercises for class 1, 2 and 3 levers. |
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Definition
Class 1- seated dumbell triceps extension
Class 2- Standing heel lift
Class 3- seated bicep curl |
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Term
| 1. What are the muscles of the rotator cuff? |
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Definition
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres Minor
Subscapularis |
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Term
| 2. What are the bony structures of the shoulder complex, which can be palpated and which cannot be palpated? |
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Definition
Clavicle, humerus, sternum, scapula, ribs and vertebral column. (pg 97)
Only structures that are difficult to palpate include:
supraspinous fossa
subscapular fossa
xiphisternum (of sternum)
Refer to pages 97-100 for more details |
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Term
| 3. What bone acts to increase the mobility of the glenohumeral joint to permit reaching and climbing activities? |
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Definition
the clavicle
-helps to hold scapula in proper abduction
-rotates in abduction |
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Term
| 4. What glenohumeral motion occurs in the frontal plane? |
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Definition
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Term
| 5. List the primary muscles for flexion at the glenohumeral joint |
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Definition
anterior deltoid,
pectoralis major (clavicular portion)
coracobrachialis
biceps brachii |
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Term
| 5. List the primary muscles for extension at the glenohumeral joint |
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Definition
Deltoid (posterior fibers)
latissimus dorsi
pectoralis major (sternocostal fibers)
teres major
long head of triceps brachii |
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Term
| 5. List the primary muscles for internal rotation at the glenohumeral joint. |
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Definition
subscapularis
pectoralis major
latissimus dorsi
clavicular fibers of deltoid |
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Term
| 5. List the primary muscles for external rotation at the glenohumeral joint. |
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Definition
infraspinatus
teres minor
post. fibers of deltoid |
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Term
| 6. Name the factors that contribute to the large range of motion at the shoulder complex. |
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Definition
the location of the head of the humerus in the glenoid (pg 101)
ball and socket joint
freely movable synovial joint - 3 degrees of freedom
inferior and superior gliding (pg 103) |
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Term
| 7. During abduction at the glenohumeral joint, what is the primary movement of the scapula? |
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Definition
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Term
| 8. List the factors that contribute to the stability of the glenohumeral joint |
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Definition
- Adequate size of glenoid fossa
- Posterior tilt of glenoid fossa
- Humeral head retroversion
- Intact capsule and glenoid labrum
- Function of muscles that control the anteroposterior position of the humeral head |
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Term
| 9. What is the function of the long and short head of the biceps during glenohumeral abduction and external rotation? |
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Definition
| anterior stabilizers (pg 110) |
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Term
| 10. Define scapulohumeral rhythm. |
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Definition
movement of the scapula across the thoracic cage in relation to the humerus.
Describes the timing of movement at the joints during shoulder elevation. |
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Term
| 11. List the ligaments that stabilize the acromioclavicular joint. |
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Definition
· Coracoacromial ligament
· Coracoclavicular ligament
· Acromioclavicular ligament |
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Term
| 12. Describe the capsular pattern of the glenohumeral joint |
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Definition
| external rotation, internal rotation, abduction |
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Term
| 1.What muscles act to supinate the forearm at the humeroradial joint? |
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Definition
Biceps brachi
Supinator
bracihioradialis |
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Term
| 2. What protects the elbow against varus stress? |
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Definition
aconeus muscle
-covers joint capsule and collateral ligaments on lateral side |
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Term
| 3. What is the most common substitution for lack of pronation of the forearm? |
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Definition
Abduction- when elbow is flexed
Internal rotation is also a possibility when forearm is extended |
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Term
| 4. Define the carrying angle of the elbow. |
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Definition
The valgus (outward) position of the elbow and forearm in full extension.
The axis of the humerulnar joint is directed in a downward and medial direction due to the outward protusion of trochlea
To see the angle the elbow must be extended and forearm supinated.
Men - 5-10 degrees
Females - 10-15 degrees |
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Term
| 4. List at least three citations in your text regarding the importance of the carrying angle. |
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Definition
1. Purpose is to prevent objedts that hare held in the hand from coming into contact with the body
2. Wider angle for females is to accommodate the female pelvis
3. No definitive purpose has been determined but other possible uses include pulling a wagon, skipping rope, increasing reach of arms and a role in muscular lever arms. |
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Term
| 5. Which nerve may be compromised because of the carrying angle? |
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Definition
Ulnar nerve
passes through the cubital tunnel and stretches with increased carrying angle |
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Term
| 6.Which nerve may be compromised because of hypertrophy of the pronator teres? |
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Definition
| Median nerve has the potential to become compressed by pronater teres |
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Term
| 7. Primary stabilizers of the elbow joint |
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Definition
Humeroulnar joint – Provides bony stability
Medial Collateral ligament- Stabilizes against valgus stress
Lateral collateral ligament – Stabilizes against varus stress |
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Term
| 7. Secondary stabilizers of the elbow joint |
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Definition
Radial head and joint capsule – Prevents hyperextension of the elbow
Flexor-pronator muscles - Stabilizes against valgus stress
Extensor- supinator muscles - Stabilizes against varus stress
Anconeus, triceps and brachialis – Dynamic stabilizers that cross joint provides compressive forces to the joint. |
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Term
| 8.Is the elbow more stable in flexion or extension? Why? |
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Definition
Flexion
-more contact of the bony surfaces
-coronoid process locks into the coronoid fossa
-medial rim of the radial head engages in the trochelocapitellar groove
-Radius is in more contact with the capitulum |
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Term
| 9. Where can the brachialis muscle be palpated? |
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Definition
just lateral to the the biceps when resistance is applied to the wrist
examiner places palpating fingers laterally and medially to the biceps and flexes the elbow with minimal effort contraction of the brachialis may be felt |
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Term
| 10. What muscles act to pronate the forearm at the humeroradial joint? |
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Definition
Primary pronators-
· Pronator teres (used when there is rapid or resisted pronation)
Weak/Assisting pronators:
· Brachioradialis
· Flexor Carpi Radialis
· Palmaris Longus
· Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus |
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Term
| 1. List the structures that define the anatomical snuff box. |
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Definition
· Medial Border- Extensor pollicis longus tendon
· Lateral Border- Extensor pollicis brevis tendon & abductor pollicis longus (book only mentions EPB but multiple other sources noted APL as well)
· Floor- scaphoid bone
· When in anatomic position- radial styloid is on lateral aspect (proximal border) and the ulnar styloid is on the medial aspect |
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Term
| 1. How can the snuff box best be seen? |
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Definition
| Since the tendons can be easily palpated when the muscles contract, the fossa is best seen and felt when one extends and abducts the thumb. |
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Term
| 2. List the structures that pass through the carpal tunnel. |
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Definition
·Median nerve
·Flexor digitorum profundus (four tendons)
·Flexor digitorum superficialis (four tendons)
· Flexor pollicis longus (one tendon) |
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Term
| 3. List all of the bones at the wrist. |
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Definition
o Radius
o Ulna
o Scaphoid
o Lunate
o Trapezium
o Pisiform
o Triquetrum
o Trapezoid
o Capitate
o Hamate
(some lovers try positions that they can't handle) |
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Term
| 4. Where does wrist flexion primarily occur? (i.e. what joint?) |
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Definition
Flexion of the wrist is produced when the carpals slide dorsally on the radius and the disk
-60% occurs at midcarpal joint
-40% at radiocarpal joint |
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Term
| 5. What muscles are the most powerful during wrist extension? |
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Definition
-extensor carpi radialis longus
-extensor carpi radialis brevis
-extensor carpi ulnaris
active in extension and stabilization |
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Term
| 6. List the muscles responsible for the following movements: Wrist flexion. |
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Definition
-Flexor carpi radialis
-flexor carpi ulnaris
-Palmaris longus
-Palmaris longus
-flexor digitorum profundus
-flexor pollicis longus,
-abductor pollicis longus |
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Term
| 6. List the muscles responsible for the following movements: Wrist extension. |
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Definition
-Extensor carpi ulnaris
-extensor carpi radialis
-extensor carpi radialis brevis
-extensor digitorum
-extensor digiti minimi
-extensor indicis
-extensor pollicis brevis
-extensor pollicis longus |
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Term
| 6. List the muscles responsible for the following movements: radial deviation. |
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Definition
-extensor carpi radialis longus
-extensor carpi radialis brevis
-flexor carpi radialis.
-abductor pollicis longus
-extensor pollicis brevis
-extensor pollicis longus |
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Term
| 6. List the muscles responsible for the following movements: ulnar deviation. |
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Definition
-flexor carpi ulnaris
-extensor carpi ulnaris working synergistically
-extensor indicis |
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Term
| 7. What factors contribute to strength at the wrist? |
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Definition
Grip strength is influenced by the position of the wrist
I searched outside of the book for the answer to this and I didn't find anything other than wrist position |
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Term
| 13. List the passive structures of the glenohumeral joint that promote joint stability. |
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Definition
bony geometry
glenoid labrum
glenohumeral joint capsuloligamentous
Bone support (scapula)
joint capsule
glenohumeral ligament (superior, middle, inferior)
coracohumeral ligament
coracoacromial ligament
adequate size of glenoid fossa
posterior tilt of the glenoid fossa, humeral head retroversion
intact capsule and glenoid labrum. |
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Term
| 14. What muscles work to protract the scapula? |
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Definition
Serratus anterior
pectoralis major
pectoralis minor |
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Term
| 15. Describe the characteristics of the glenohumeral joint capsule |
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Definition
large/loose structure
enables much motion
reinforced by rotator cuff and coracohumeral and superior glenohumeral ligaments
no reinforcement inferiorly
collagen fiber bundles
when arm is in adduction capusule is taut superiorly and slack inferiorly
capsule becomes tight inferiorly and lax superiorly with increasing abduction - providing passive joint stability
post. capsule is crucial for glenohumeral stability
read pg 106-107 |
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Term
| 8. The strength of a muscle is greater in some positions than others. What accounts for this? |
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Definition
-if a muscle crosses over one joint, it exerts maximal strength at the end range of motion
-if a muscle crosses two joints (or multiple joints), it exerts maximal strength at the midrange of motion |
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Term
| 9. List the factors that contribute to joint stability. |
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Definition
the well-being of every joint is a balance between stability and mobility.
Stability and mobility have an inverse relationship; if you gain stability, you will lose mobility and vice versa.
There are three factors that contribute to joint stability and mobility:
a.) the area of the articular surface
b.) the integrity of inert tissues (fibrous capsule, ligaments)
c.) the integrity of contractile tissues (muscles) |
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Term
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Definition
Motor unit is the functional unit of muscle.
It is comprised of a single motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers innervated by it. |
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Term
| 11. Describe the arthrokinematics of an articular surface. |
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Definition
-movement of articulating surfaces in relation to the direction of movement of the extremities
-part of the movement that cannot be observed. |
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Term
| 11. What types of motion can occur between two articular surfaces |
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Definition
combination between
-rolling
-sliding/gliding
-spinning |
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Term
| 12.What is the sagittal plane and what motions occur in this plane. |
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Definition
The sagittal plane divides the body into right and left halves.
Flexion and extension occur in the sagittal plane. |
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Term
| 12.What is the frontal plane and what motions occur in this plane. |
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Definition
-The frontal plane divides the body into anterior(front) and posterior(back) portions.
Abduction and adduction occur in this plane. |
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Term
| 12.What is the transverse plane and what motions occur in this plane. |
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Definition
-The transverse plane is a horizontal plane that divides the body into superior(upper) and inferior(lower) portions.
Rotation occurs in this plane. |
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