Term
| out of africa/replacement model |
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Definition
modern sapiens evovled from subsahara
branched off then dispersed and replaced the other species |
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Term
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Definition
do not accommodate gene flow
evidence from mitocondrial DNA |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
inhabitatns of various geographic regions are contributors to the genetic material of populations located there today
continuity |
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Term
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Definition
| dna that can be traced back from number of mutations |
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Term
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Definition
earliest anatomically modern human
160 kya, ethiopia |
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Term
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Definition
| 30 kya; still have both modern and archaic features |
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Term
| chatelperronian tradition |
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Definition
| upper paleolithic; possible associated with neaderthals |
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Term
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Definition
| 36500 years ago; distinct european, unique to modern humans |
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Term
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Definition
| possibly earliest village; czech 30 thousand; huts made from mammoth bones; ivroy women, clay figurines |
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Term
| types of upper paleolithic technology |
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Definition
| blade tech., pressure flaking, burin, sewn clothing, permenant shelter, atlatl, harpoons, wood, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| long parallel sided flakes are struck off the edges of a specially prepared core |
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Term
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Definition
| bone, antler, wooden tool is used to press rather than strike off small flakes from a pieces of flint |
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Term
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Definition
| stone tool with chisel like edges used for working bone and antler |
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Term
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Definition
spear throwers appear
paleolithic |
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Term
|
Definition
| 35 thousand year ago; naked women, breasts, prego eggo |
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Term
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Definition
yellow/red ochre
earliest evidence in australia
in europe as well |
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Term
| peoples of america and why |
|
Definition
asian ancestry
genetic evidence and morphological evidence |
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Term
|
Definition
connected siberia and north america
open during ice age which was 11 to 25 and 40 to 75 thousand years |
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Term
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Definition
11050 to 10800 carbon years
founding population of new world
travled through siberia 13 thous.
went through ice free corridor
brought paleolithic kit
clovis points: fluted projectile points |
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Term
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Definition
| fluted projectile points; believed to be mega faunal specialists, |
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Term
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Definition
9500 to 8 thousand
name for city in new mexico
first sample found embedded in the bone of an extinct bison |
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Term
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Definition
debate whether humans caused the magafaunal extinction is unresolved;
happended at shift btw pleiso and holocene> explanation for extinction in human hunting, climate change, etc.
afircan and asia: no extinction |
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Term
|
Definition
10 thousand years ago;
domestication of plants and animals;
food foragers to food producers; specialized, population, shelter |
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Term
| mesolithic roots for neolithic revolution |
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Definition
meso: transition btw paleo and neo
ice age decline> rise in sea level
extinction in animals which led to new sources> plants food and new resources: fish |
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Term
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Definition
used to produce a wide array of tools including sickles, harpoons, arrows, knives, and daggers
mesolithic |
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Term
|
Definition
first culture to store food
used sickles for grains
btw 10200 to 12500 years in mediterranian |
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Term
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Definition
| the creation, invention or discovery by chance of a completely new idea, method, or device |
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Term
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Definition
| the deliberate application or modification of an existing idea, method, or device |
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Term
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Definition
| the cultivation of food plants in soil prepared and maintained for crop production. Involves using technologies other than hand tools, such as irrigation, fertilizers, and the wooden or metal plow pulled by harnessed draft animals. |
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Term
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Definition
| process whereby humans modify intentionally or unintentionally the genetic makeup of a population of plants or animals |
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Term
| characteristics for domestication |
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Definition
| gregarious, willing to breed in captivity, wide home ranges, don't panic, etc. |
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Term
|
Definition
earliest plant domestication at 13 thousand;
nile in egypt
consequence made by natufian culture |
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Term
|
Definition
earliest in SW asia: goat and sheeps
china: rice, 11 thousand
new world: 10 thousand |
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Term
|
Definition
plant: maize, squash, potatotes, tomoatoes, beans, cotton, cocoa,chilli, tobaco, vanilla
animals: guinea pigs, llamas, alpacas, ducks, dogs, turkey, bees |
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Term
|
Definition
focus on high yields
narrow range of food sources
one crop fails means disaster |
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Term
| jericho ( neolithic settlements) |
|
Definition
bibilical city in 10350
massive walls for fornification
stone tower> protecting resources |
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Term
| neolithic pottery, tool making, etc. |
|
Definition
sickeles, hoes, forkes
pottery: transport food and cooking
culture: permanent housing, woven textiles, etc. |
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Term
| neolithic social structure |
|
Definition
no evidence for central organization or social differentiation
egalitarian, not elaborate, communal effort, no religion |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of society marked by the presence of cities, social classes, and the state |
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Term
|
Definition
see emergence of dikes, canals, reservoirs for irrigation;
control of water resources> no dependent on rain
increased crops> population |
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Term
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Definition
increased crop yield meant that a considerable number of people could pursue nonagricultural work
artisans, butcher, increased expertise led to innovation |
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Term
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Definition
characterized by considerable wealth and authority
momuments to gods |
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Term
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Definition
| period marked by production of tools made of bronze> copper and tin |
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Term
|
Definition
5 thousand for china
5500 for SE asia
plows, swords, axes, shields, cave of treasure |
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Term
|
Definition
gold, copper and tin normally used
ceremonial or for tools
extensive trade for raw materials
boats for transporation
fortification |
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Term
|
Definition
babylonia laws
eye for an eye
legal codes |
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Term
| evidence of centralized authority |
|
Definition
monumental architecture> temples, palaces
writings> dissemination of information |
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Term
|
Definition
dissemination of information
government keeps track of taxes
OW: urk in iraq: 5 thousand, wedges on clay for words
OW: china: toroise shells
NW: maya: olmec glyphs, |
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Term
|
Definition
old world: uruk, iraq> wedges on clay
ching> markings on toroises |
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Term
|
Definition
maya had glyphs
similar to olmec |
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Term
|
Definition
usually with kings and advisor>monarchy
hammurabi, mesopotamia, babylonians, 3700 to 3850 years ago |
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Term
|
Definition
centralized government>social classes
look at documents, nutritional status, wealth at grave |
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Term
| types of making of states theories |
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Definition
| hydraulic theory, organized trade, natural barriers, action theory |
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Term
|
Definition
| civilization emerged as a result of the construction of elaborate irrigation systems; lead to full time managers |
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Term
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Definition
theory that self serving action by forceful leaders play a role in civilizations emergence
example> emperor augustus: religion as power
enviornment takes a role |
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Term
| drawbacks to civilization |
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Definition
waster disposal, infectious disease, social stratification and disease> jews and ghetto, colonialism and disease, dense population, urban slums> urban decay, poverty, illiteracy, crime/drug, unsafe water/sanitation
sowetot, south africa |
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Term
| jared diamond; worst mistake humankind made |
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Definition
shift towards hunting and agriculture
less diverse diet> corn, rice, wheat; poor nutrition> cavitites, anemia; increased population density> increased starvation and diseases; higher energy budget |
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Term
|
Definition
| through time only have complex socieities> competition for territory and resources; |
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Term
|
Definition
race is biologically meaningless with regards to humans
no true biological variation, race and ethinicity are confused;
ethnicity is cultural
race is social constructed |
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Term
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Definition
| political, religious, linguistic, mythological, skin color |
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Term
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Definition
| colonialism came in contact with others, white vs them, race used as biological term, false notion of biological variation, |
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Term
| conflation of race category |
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Definition
| humans false notion of biological into cultural category of race to make more factual; associated with non biological traits; us census changes every years |
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Term
| what shapes the membership of an individual into a particular race |
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Definition
| CULTURAL forces shape the designation of membership in a race |
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Term
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Definition
the deliberate and systematic extermination of a national, racial, politcal, or cultural group;
nazis, rwanda, bosnia, darfur |
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Term
|
Definition
| a type of subculture characterized by members sharing a culture of origin, often one originating in another country |
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Term
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Definition
| changes in morphology that vary with geographic space; gradual variation |
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Term
| lactose tolerance and association with cultural history |
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Definition
| lactose: requires enzyme lactase; limited to northern europeans and east africans> whether ancestors have history of dairying |
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Term
| melanin/solar radiation and skin color |
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Definition
chemical responsible for dark skin pigmentation, helps protect agaist ultraviolet radiation;
near equator is darkest; protect against skin cancer |
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Term
|
Definition
can lead to neural tube defects in developing embryos;
destroyed by heavy ultraviolet
melanin can protect againist;
more melanin; less folate deficiency |
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Term
|
Definition
northern europe: exposure to solar radiation to max faciliate vitamin d production;
lack of vitamin d: rickets
cold |
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Term
|
Definition
based on false belief that intellect and cultural factors are inherited along with physical characteristics;
herrnstein and murray> bell curve |
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Term
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Definition
| attribution of particular behaviors or abilities to certain groups of people |
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Term
|
Definition
| rankings are based on "inherent" superiorit/inferiority of people |
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Term
| developmental adjustments |
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Definition
irriversible physiological changes that occur during the developmental period of individual
example: lung capacity, liver size, phenotypic type |
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Term
| physiological adaptations |
|
Definition
short term physiological change in response to specific environmental stimulus
example: immediate, not very efficient for long term |
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Term
|
Definition
long term, reversible physiological adjustment of an individual to attain equilibrium with a specific envrionmental stimulus
example: muscle building, red blood cell count |
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Term
|
Definition
behavioral, social and culutral adjustment
example: clothing, shelter, etc. |
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Term
|
Definition
extremly low in temperature
DA: bigger liver
AA: increased body temp, high blood flow, non shivering
RA: clothing, shleter, high fat/protein
bergmanns and allans rule |
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Term
|
Definition
| animals in cold environment tend to have larger overal body size; retain heat |
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Term
|
Definition
| animals in cold environment tend to have relatively short limbs; reduced surface area relative to mass |
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Term
|
Definition
hypoxia: low oxygen levels
DA: increased chest/lung and capillary
AA: increased RBC/hemoglobin, higher breathing rate
RA: chewin coco levea, clothing, shleter, animal domestication |
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Term
|
Definition
low oxygen levels
part of high altitude eco zones |
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Term
|
Definition
central focus: water
no DA
AA: 1-2 week adjustment; salt concentraton reduced, sweating is reduced, pulse rate lowered, dec. body temp
RA: clothing, shelter, low population density |
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Term
|
Definition
sporadic food resources
no DA
AA: increased blod vessel expansion, decreased sweating
RA: high population levles, minimal clothing, shelter
longer and thinner body proportions |
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Term
|
Definition
i. A society's shared and socially transmitted ideas, values, and perceptions, which are used to make sense of experience and generate behavior and are reflected in that behavior
very broad and inclusive, culture is acquired and learned, SOCIAL PHENOMENA |
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Term
|
Definition
| i. A society's shared and socially transmitted ideas, values, and perceptions, which are used to make sense of experience and generate behavior and are reflected in that behavior |
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Term
| characteristics of culture |
|
Definition
culture is learned> one generation to next;
culture is shared> knowledge, behavior, value system shared;
culture is based on symbols> signs, sounds, emblems arbitrarily linked to something meaningful;
culture is cumulative and diverse> adapt and respond;
culture is changing and integrated> diffusion, chnage occurs slowly |
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Term
|
Definition
| signs, sounds, emblems, etc. that are arbitrarily linked to something else and represent it in a meaningful way |
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Term
|
Definition
words used to represent objects and ideas;
culture is transmitted through language |
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Term
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Definition
| 1) The process by which a society's culture is passed on from one generation to the next and individuals become member of their society |
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Term
|
Definition
| voluntary borrowing of items and ideas from other cultures |
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Term
|
Definition
cognitive/mental: process of learning, attitude, values, influence of family
behavior/social: how we act/conduct; actions, interactions, behavior
material: physical objects; archeology |
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Term
|
Definition
| language: how we learn the cultural compelexity to allow us to survive; observation/immitation: social learning; trial and error: individual learning |
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Term
|
Definition
a cultural group that shares most ideas, values, knowledge, behavior, and artifacts
foraging band societies, deviation from norm is humiliation |
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Term
|
Definition
fewer shared components than what is seen in foraging societies
many state level societites, US and New York |
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Term
|
Definition
an animal acquiring new skills, habits and understanding through experience
example: sign language with apes |
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Term
|
Definition
no cumulative> build upon knowledge
no sumbolic |
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Term
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Definition
| what people tell you they are doing or thinking; what people believe they should do |
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Term
|
Definition
| what people actually do and believe; people do not always practice what they teach, all societies have this characteristics |
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Term
|
Definition
a smaller group within a larger cultural complex
behaviors, values and attitudes are shared by group members |
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Term
|
Definition
the smallest subgroup within a culutre that shres specific cultural features such as values or behaviors
ex: little italy |
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|
Term
| cultural evolution models |
|
Definition
| early theoretical school that postulated that all cultures moved in a direction from simple to complex |
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Term
| classical/unilineal cultural evolution |
|
Definition
charles darwin
laid out a series of stages through which cultures proceed, assume every society will go through these stages;
scholars differ on: number, characteristic, sequence, and cause
SUPERIORITY COMPLEX |
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Term
|
Definition
survival of the fittest
two stage model:
1. Military: authoritatian, limited divisions of labor, homogenous, closed to outside world
2. industrial: democratic, free market, high division of labor, more open to outside world
made during time of industrial revolution
causes: pop increased; competition> conflict> social darwinism> poor are poor bc less fit |
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Term
|
Definition
defense indigenous
step model:
1. savagery: hunting/gathering, fire, bows
2. barbarism: domestication, pottery, metals, land valuable>private property
3. civilization: writings, classes, allphabet |
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Term
|
Definition
stages
1. primitive communism: small egalitarian societies with no exploitation, happy and poor,
2. advanced comm.: no classes, equal but larger, no govern. no expoit, happy> wealthy, utopia
substages
slavery>feudalism>capitalistic>socialistic |
|
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Term
| neo revolutionary model for cultural evolution |
|
Definition
topic again in 1940s and 60s
more cautious when drawing analogies btwe biological and cultural |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| series of technological developments responsible for cultural growth; envrionmetal factors stimulated and impeded adaptations and cultural growth; complexity is not a goal |
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Term
|
Definition
assessed cultural levels of evolutionary development by measuring output of energy per person each year to maintain basic needs
not practical> too many variables |
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Term
|
Definition
model of multilinear evolution
document patterns of how culture changed in similar habitats of societies |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| hypothesized that evolutionary patterns would differ for different habitats; still unilinear for people living in the culture |
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Term
| julian steward (cultural ecology) |
|
Definition
processes by which a society adapts to its environment. Its principal problem is to determine whether these adaptations initiate internal social transformations of evolutionary change;
deal with environement and other humans/culture;
example: yanomamo; tribe location for trade and raiding |
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Term
|
Definition
| extended on location research to gather detailed and indepth information on a society's customary ideas, values, and practices through participation in its collective social life |
|
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Term
| ethnographic research/methods |
|
Definition
interviews: informal/formal
surveys, mapping, photographing and filming |
|
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Term
|
Definition
involves taking part in, observing, and analyzing another culture;
example: Malinowski> trobiand islanders, father of ethnography |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| father of enthnography; austria during WW1, studied trobiand islanders |
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Term
|
Definition
informal and informal
genealogical data: understand how society is organized |
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Term
|
Definition
| individuals within the culture who provide critical cultural information for anthro.; describes practices, religion, trade |
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Term
|
Definition
| member sof society being studied who provide information to help researcher understand the meaning of what they observe |
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Term
|
Definition
the view of a belief or behavior from the perspective of a person within the culture
example: interview,surveys, conversation |
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Term
|
Definition
the view of a belief or behavior from the perspective of a person outside of the culture
examples: observer orientated, scietific |
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Term
|
Definition
| statistical or measurable information |
|
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Term
|
Definition
non statisticcal information like life story and customary beliefs and practices
essence of culture |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
american anthropological assocation (AAA)
material assistance, informed consent, politcal entaglements, dilemmas with cultural relativism, personal relationships |
|
|
Term
| salavage/urgent anthropology |
|
Definition
documentation of endangered cultures
example: tasmanis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
refers to disruptive process of cultural change occurring in traditional societies as they come into contact with powerful state societies; govern pushes abandoning culture
example: native americans and us |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
the use of anthrop. knowledge and methods to solve practical problems in communiites confronting new challenges; attempt to help groups in colonized territories to cope with changes
example: US bureau and indians |
|
|
Term
| studying cultures at a distance |
|
Definition
ethnographic research developed during WW2 to better understand enemy countires;
national character studies; newspapers, films; propaganda and psychological warfare, ethic grounds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
peasants represent a social categry that is midway
largest social category of our species |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
research that is community based and politcally involved;
promote social injustice among indigenous groups; land/cultural rights
example: hitchcock and botswana |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| worldwide interconnected landscape with multiple interwining and overlapping peope and cultures on the move |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
greek for "scattering"
livng and working far from homeland; internet access |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| documentation of people and cultures embedded in the larger strucutes of a globalizing world, utilizing a range of methods in various locations of time and space |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an activity or object used to draw out individuals and encourage them to recal and share information |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| practice of critical self examination |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| makes cross cultural comparisions and develops theories to explain why certain differences or similiarites occur btw groups |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| scientific explanations of natural phenomena supported by reliable body of data |
|
|
Term
| human raltions area files (HRAF) |
|
Definition
| vast collection of cross indexed ethnographic data by cultural character. and geographic locaitons |
|
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Term
|
Definition
theoretical apprach stressing the primacy of superstructure in cultural research
examples: cognitive, ethnoscience, structuralism, postmodernism, |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
stressing the primacy of infrastructure in cultural research; resources and how they determine lives
examples: marxism, neo-evolutionism, cultural biology, politcal ecology |
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