Term
| Two Approaches to Studying Deviance |
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Definition
| Absolutist Approach & Constructionist Approach |
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Term
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Definition
| A shared expectation that people use to identify what is acceptable and unacceptable. |
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Term
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Definition
| Occurs when a person's ideas, traits, or actions are perceived by others to fall outside the normal range of acceptance in society. |
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Definition
| assumes that social norms are based on essential principles that constitute an unchanging foundation distinguishing right from wrong. |
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Term
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Definition
| Deviance occurs when ideas, traits, and actions fall outside socially determined boundaries that people use to determine what is acceptable and unacceptable. |
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Term
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Definition
| an interrelated set of norms or standards that are used to guide and evaluate ideas, traits, and actions in the social worlds created around power and performance sports. |
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Term
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Definition
-An athlete makes sacrifices for "the game"
-An athlete strives for distinction
-An athlete accepts risks and plays through pain
-An athlete accepts no limits in the pursuit of possibilities. |
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Term
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Definition
| pride-driven arrogance and an inflated sense of self-importance that leads one to feel separate from and superior to others. |
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Definition
| actions and appearances that can be imagined as "real" deviance without producing any real negative consequences for anyone involved. |
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Term
| Arguments Against Testing for Substances |
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Definition
-Athletes remain one step ahead of the testers
-Testing violates privacy rights
-Testing drains valuable sport resources
-Testing can't detect all performance enhancing substances
-Testing encourages athletes to seek other technologies such as genetic engineering |
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Term
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Definition
| The use of excessive physical force, which causes or has obvious potential to cause harm or destruction. |
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Definition
| Verbal or physical actions grounded in an intent to dominate, control, or do harm to another person. |
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Definition
| Refers to words, gestures, and actions that threaten violence or aggression. |
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Definition
| Accept the norms and expectations of sport, but go beyond those measures for enhancement & performance. |
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Term
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Definition
| Consists of actions that involve rejecting or lack of awareness of norms. |
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Definition
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Definition
| Violates rules, but is accepted by players and coaches. |
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Definition
| Violates formal rules; fines & suspensions follow act. |
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Definition
| Clearly outside the laws, can be prosecuted. |
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Term
| Controlling on-field violence |
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Definition
| Strategies like Suspensions for players & Fines for team owners. |
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Term
| Connection between off and on field violence |
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Definition
Depends on two factors:
-The meanings that athletes give to their on-the-field actions.
-The context in which athletes seek and maintain status off the field. |
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Term
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Definition
-Action in the sport event itself
-Crowd dynamics and the situation in which spectators watch the event
-Historical, social, economic, and political context in which the event occurs |
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Term
| Crowd Dynamics & Situational Factors related to spectator violence |
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Definition
-Crowd Size
-Composition of crowd
-Meaning and importance of event
-History of relationship between teams
-Crowd control strategies at event
-Alcohol consumption by spectators
-Location of event |
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Term
| Controlling Crowd Violence: Be aware of these factors |
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Definition
-Perceived violence on the field is positively related to crowd violence
-Crowd dynamics and conditions
-Historical, social, economic, and political issues underlying spectator orientations |
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Term
| Long term control of crowd violence |
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Definition
| depends on the extent to which anti-violence norms are established and maintained in stadiums and by people in attendance at events. |
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Term
| Participation by girls and women has increased because of: |
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Definition
-New opportunities
-Government equal rights legislation
-Global women's rights movement
-Health and fitness movement
-Increased media coverage of women in sports |
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Term
| Gender equity issues always exist when sport cultures are: |
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Definition
| Male dominated, Male identified, Male centered |
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Term
| Title IX requires compliance with one of three tests |
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Definition
| The proportionality test, The history of progress test, The accommodation of interest test |
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Term
| Informal and Alternative sports |
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Definition
| Organized around the values and experiences of boys and young men. |
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Term
| Facts about gender ideology |
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Definition
-Gives some men more access to power while restricting the range of behavior among all men
-Marginalize gays by categorizing them as being out of normative bounds
-Lead women to push gender boundaries while men are policing boundaries for themselves and women |
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Term
| Strategies for changing Ideology and Culture |
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Definition
-Alternative definitions of masculinity
-Alternative definitions of femininity
-Changing ways we do sports |
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Term
| Editing decisions are based on one or more of these goals: |
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Definition
-Making profits
-Influencing cultural values
-Providing a public service
-Enhancing personal status and reputation
-Expressing self in technical, artistic, or personal ways |
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Term
| As Corporate control of media has become more concentrated , media content highlights: |
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Definition
-Consumerism
-Individualism
-Competition
-Class inequality |
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Term
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Definition
No, not when they are organized by and for players themselves
Yes, when they are organized as forms of commercial entertainment |
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Term
| Have commercial sports sold out to the media? |
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Definition
Probably not-for two reasons:
-The changes often thought to be a direct result of media would have occurred to boost live attendance, gate receipts, and venue revenues.
-Most changes associated with television coverage have been made willingly by sport organizations. |
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Term
| Have media corrupted sports? |
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Definition
Probably not-for two reasons:
-Sports are not shaped primarily by media
-Media, including TV, do not operate in a political and economic vacuum. |
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Term
| Does media depend on sports? |
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Definition
-Most media do not depend on sports.
-Daily newspapers depend on a "sports section" for circulation and ad revenues.
-Many television companies depend on sports to fill programming schedules and attract male viewers. |
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Term
| Trends in televised sports |
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Definition
-Right fees have skyrocketed since the 1960's
-Sport programming has increased dramatically
-Television companies use sports events to promote other programming
-Television companies are part of conglomerates that now own teams, sport events, and other businesses that benefit from sports coverage and its commercials. |
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Term
| The sports-media relationship |
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Definition
-Is very strong for commercial sports
-Is generally business based
-Corporations selling alcohol, tobacco, and food use sports to promote products
-If corporations cannot sponsor televised events, they put signage on everything that can be viewed on TV |
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Term
| Media Construction of sports |
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Definition
| Media coverage is constructed around specific themes and messages |
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Term
| What ideological themes and messages is media coverage constructed around? |
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Definition
-Success
-Consumption
-Gender
-Race, ethnicity, and nationality |
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Term
| What ideological themes and messages is media coverage constructed around? |
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Definition
-Success
-Consumption
-Gender
-Race, ethnicity, and nationality |
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Term
(Audience Experiences)
Watching television sports is? |
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Definition
| Positively integrated into social relationships and social networks. |
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Term
(Audience Experiences)
Attendance at sport events
(Elite and less elite) |
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Definition
| Media consumption of sports is positively linked with attendance at elite events, but it may decrease attendance at less elite events-research is needed. |
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Term
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Definition
-Media provide easy access to betting opportunities
-Betting creates interest in sports, but threatens them if it inspires gamblers to "fix" events. |
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Term
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Definition
| Not all the same-some focus on entertainment, some focus on information. |
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Term
| The work of sports journalists does matter when? |
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Definition
| It comes to cultural ideology and public consciousness. |
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Term
| Why have ethical issues become increasingly important in sports journalism? |
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Definition
| Because the stakes are so high for teams, athletes, coaches, owners, etc. |
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Term
| Newspaper/Magazine coverage |
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Definition
-Emphasizes information and interpretation primarily
-Offers previews and summaries of events
-Provides written representation
-Success depends on credibility
-Highlights facts and dominant ideology
-May criticize sport personalities and organizations |
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Term
| Radio/Television Coverage |
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Definition
-Emphasizes entertainment primarily
-Offers play-by-play images and narratives
-Provides real-time representations of events
-Success depends on hype and dominant ideology
-Usually supports sport personalities and organizations |
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Term
| Sports are organized in ways that: |
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Definition
-Produce Hubris
-Separate athletes from the community
-Encourage athletes to think that others do not deserve their respect |
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Term
| Gender and Fairness Issues in Sports |
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Definition
-Homophobia
-Eliminating inequities in participation opportunities
-Establishing legal definitions of equity
-Providing equal support for athletes
-Achieving equity in coaching and administration jobs |
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Term
| Constructionist approach is based on four assumptions: |
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Definition
-Norms are socially constructed as people interact with each other
-Deviance is socially constructed as people negotiate the boundaries
-Power dynamics influence this negotiation
-Most ideas, traits, and actions fall into a normally accepted range |
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Term
| Why do athletes engage in deviant overconformity? |
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Definition
-They will do anything to stay involved
-Playing high-performance sports often requires it
-Leads to strong social bonds between athletes |
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Term
| Engaging in deviant overconformity: |
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Definition
-Bonds athletes together
-Separates athletes from the general community
-Often leads athletes to develop hubris |
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Term
| Deviance may decline if sports emphasize? |
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Definition
-A philosophy of nonviolence
-Respect for self and others
-The importance of fitness and control over self
-Confidence in physical skills
-A sense of responsibility |
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Term
| Commercialization and violence in sports |
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Definition
-Some athletes are paid to do violence
-Commercialization and money expand the visibility of violence in sports |
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Term
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Definition
-Violence is grounded in general cultural norms
-Violence in sports is not just limited to men
-Playing power and performance sports often are ways to prove masculinity |
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Term
| Violence in sports and gender ideology |
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Definition
-Doing violence in sports reproduces the belief that "men are superior to women"
-Power and performance sports, emphasize differences between men and women
-Sports violence reproduces an ideology of male entitlement |
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Term
| Reasons for caution when predicting future participation increases: |
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Definition
-Budget cuts and privatization of sport programs
-Resistance to government regulations
-Backlash among those who resent change
-Trivialization of women's sports
-Homophobia and the threat of being labeled lesbian or gay
-Underrepresentation of women in decision-making positions in sports |
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Term
| When was Title IX put into place? |
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Definition
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Term
| Participants of informal or alternative sports say that inclusion is? |
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Definition
| Based on skills, guts, and aggressiveness, not gender. |
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Term
| Title IX does not apply to? |
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Definition
| Informal or alternative sports |
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Term
| Gender equity in sports is whose issue? |
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Definition
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Term
| High Profile football teams |
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Definition
-Involve more players and more resources than any other sport team
-Promote a culture in which there is resistance to gender equity
-Often are supported by boosters who see gender equity as an obstacle to the way they do things |
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Term
| Gender Ideology is crucial because? |
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Definition
-Gender is a fundamental organizing principle of social life
-Gender ideology influences how we think, present, relate and define ourselves and others. |
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Term
| Characteristics of the media |
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Definition
-Extend and radically change our connections with the world
-Are not limited to sequential programming
-Enable each of us to be the "editors" of our own media experiences |
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