It is advantageous for cells to be small because?

a. A small size prevents a cell from weighing too much

b. a small size occupies less space in tissues

c. a small cell has a small volume relative to surface area, increasing efficient transport

d. a small cell is better able to conserve energy han a larger cell

In a prokaryote, DNA is sequestered in an area called the?

a. flagellum

b. mesosome

c. nucleoid

d. ribosome

What structure occurs in plant cells but not in animal cells?

a. cell wall

b.centriole

c. Gogi apparatus

d. ribosome

Which structure has double phospholipid bilayer membranes?

a chloroplasts

b. mitochondria

c. nucleus

d. All of the above had double membranes

Which organelles are NOT made of membranes?

a. endoplasmic recticulum

b. Golgi apparatus

c. lysosomes

d. ribosomes

Which organelles are used to digest and recycle food particles and old organelles?

a. endoplasmic recticulum

b. golgi apparatus

c.lysosomes

d. ribosomes

Which cell structures contain DNA?

a. endoplasmic recticulum

b. golgi apparatus

c. mitochondria

d. ribosomes

Which organelle is where proteins are actually constructed?

a. endoplasmic recticulum

b. golgi apparatus

c. peroxisomes

d. ribosomes

Which organelle is where lipids are synthesized?

a. endoplasmic recticulum

b. golgi apparatus

c. peroxisomes

d. ribosomes

Mitochondria found in eukaryotic cells are involved in the production of ATP. ATP belongs to which of the four types of biomolecules?

a. carbohydrates

b. lipids

c. nucleic acids

d. proteins

Cilia and flagella in eukaryotic cells are constucted primarily out of which cytoskeletal element?

a. intermediate filaments

b. microfilaments

c. microtubules

d. none of the above

Which cytoskeletal element is small in width, being about 7 nm in diameter?

a.intermediate filaments

b. microfilaments

c. microtubules

d. none of the above

Which cytoskeletal element do MAPs "walk" on when moving vesicles and organelles?

a. intermediate filaments

b. microfilaments

c. microtubules

d. none of the above

Phospholipids are?

a. amphipathic, having both hydrophilic and hydrophobic portions

b. only hydrophilic

c. only hydrophobic

d. roughly conical in shape

How are phospholipids of cell and plasma membranes best described?

a. one layer with their heads pointed outside the cell and their tails pointed inside

b. one layer with their tails pointed outside the cell and their heads pointed inside

c. Two layers with their head pointed outward and inwardm and their tails sandwiched between

d. Two layers with their tails pointed outwards and inward, and their heads sandwiced between

Which kind of molecule can pass through cell membranes without assistance?

a. large incharged molecules

b. small lipid-based molcules

c. small charged molecules

d. both A and B can pass through

Movement of any molecule from an area of high concentration to and area of low concentration is called?

a. dialysis

b. diffusion

c. osmosis

d. tonicity

Which of the following is NOT a form of passive transport?

a. diffusion

b. endocytosis

c. facilitated diffusion

d. osmosis

If there is too much solute outside of a cell, then the cell shrinks. The solution outside of the cell would be considered?

a. isotonic

b. hypertonic

c. hypotonic

d. under turgor pressure from the cell

The sodium-potassium pump (Na+/K+ pump) is an example of?

a. active transport

b. endocytosis

c. passive transport

d. both B and C

As the result of the Na+/K+ pump,

a. energy is created for the cell

b the inside ofthe cell become slightly negative relative to the outside

c. the inside of the cell becomes slightly positibe relative to the outside

d. the ions change, but the charge on the cell stays neutral

Which type of energy is doing work?

a. chemical energy

b. heat energy

c. kinetic energy

d. potential energy

If during a chemical reaction, a molecule gains electrons, then this is called?

a. A condensation reaction

b. A hydrolysis reaction

c. An oxidation reaction

d. A reduction reaction

An endergonic reaction is?

a. one that has a negative (delta) G

b. one that occurs spontaneously

c. one that increases chaos

d. one that requires energy input

 A concentration gradient would have?

a. low enthalpy

b. low entropy

c. low free energy

d. none of the above

ATP,NAD,NAD and FAD have this is common?

a. they are all derived from adenine nucleotides

b. they are all enzymes

c. they are all modified proteins

d. they are important second messengers

Altering pH or temperature away from the optimum of and enzyme may cause that enzyme to?

a. become less efficient

b. change its shape

c. denature or destroy the enzyme

d. do all of the above, depending on how far from the optimum you go

When the products of a reaction have less free energy (G) then the starting reactants?

a. the products have negative free energy (i.e. G < 0)

b. the reaction releases energy

c. the reaction requires an input of energy

d. the reaction must be coupled

Which nucleotide is a major energy carrier in biological systems?

a. ATP

b. CTP

c. GTP

d. TTP

To carry out endergonic reactions?

a. they are often coupled with exergonic reactions

b. input of energy is required

c. you must attain a positive (delta) G

d. all of the above may occur

Some electron carriers in biochemical reaactions, such as FAD, are plartly derived from which type of molecule?

a. B Vitamins

b. lipids

c. proteins

d. trace minerals

Biochemica reactions?

a. nearly always require activation energy

b. only require activation energy if no enzyme is used

c. only require activation energy if the reaction is endergonic

d. never require activation energy

Which step of aerobic respiration is the first to occur inside the mitochondria?

a. glycolysis

b. formation of acety coA

c. citric acid cycle

d. electron transport and chemiosmosis

At the end of glycolysis, how many pyruvate molecules are produced?

a. one

b. two

c. three

d. four

Which step of the aerobic respiration contains the first release of waste carbon dioxide?

a. gylcolysis

b. formation of acetyl coA

c. citric acid cycle

d. electron transport and chemiosmosis

A molecule comprised of how many carbons is carried by coenzyme A?

a. one

b. two

c. three

d. four

During the process of chemiosmosis, which particles move though ATP synthase to energize the production of ATP?

a. electrons

b. neutrons

c. protons

d. none of the above

How many ATP are produced for each FADH2 that enters the electron transport chain?

a. glycolysis

b. formation of acetyl coA

c. citric acid cycle

d. electron transport and chemeosmosis

During fat metabolism, the fatty acid chains can be broken fown and they feed into which step of aerobic respiration?

a. glycolysis

b. formation of acetyl coA

c. citric acid cycle

d. electron transport and chemiosmosis

What is the paste prducts produced during fermentation?

a. ethanol and carbon dioxide

b. lactic acid (lactate)

c. water

d. both A and B are correct

Which group of organisms can carry out the proecessof carbon fixation?

a. autotrophs

b. chemotrophs

c.heterotrophs

d. phototrophs

Which group of organisms use organic compounds as their main souces of energy?

a. autotrophs

b. chemotrophs

c. heterotrophs

d. phototrophs

White light is?

a. a primary light color

b. a secondary light color

c. the combination of all colors

d. the absence of all colors

Which color of light is least favored for photosynthesis by chlorphyll a and b?

a. red

b. green

c. blue

d. violet

In a C3 plant, the majority of chloroplast containing cells if found?

a. in the guard cells around the stoma

b. in the palisade mesophyll

c. in the spongy mesophyll

d. surrounding the leaf veins

Were do the photosystems of the photosynthesis light reactions reside?

a. the inner membrane of the mitochondria

b. the main cell membrane

c. the membrane chloroplast

d. the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum

In the light reaction, electrons are traswerred through the photosystems in only one direction. From what molecule are electrons taken to replace those used inthe electrion transport chains of photosynthesis?

a. carbon dioxide

b. glucose sugar

c. oxygen

d. water

The special pathway of C4 plant helps them?

a. capture carbon dioxide

b. conserve water

c. produce more oxygen

d. produce more sugar

Which phase of photosynthesis is where carbon fixation occurs in plants?

a. the Cavin cycle

b. the electron transport chain

c. glycolysis

d. the light reaction

1. cell-cell recognition

2. enzymes

3. recptors

4. signal transduction

5. transporters

6. intercellular joining

1. Energy is neither created nor destroyed, it is just changed from one for to another

2. When enregy is converted from one form to another, some energy is lost as heat

What are the functions of Mitochondria and Chloroplasts? 

How are they related metabolically?

Mitochondira: Convert Chemical Energy

Chloroplasts: Captures Light Energy

*Mitochondria and Chloroplasts are the organelles that convert energy into forms that cells and use for work