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A group of related organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile, viable offsrping |
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A group of related species |
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A group of mammals in the order Primates that have complex behavior, varied forms of locomotion, and a unique suite of traits, including larger brains, forward-facing eyes, fingernails, and reduced snouts |
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The proposition that primates' unique suite of traits is an adaption to living in trees |
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Physical shape and appearance |
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Refers to those organisms that normally are awake and active during daylight hours |
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A difference in a physical attribute between the males and females of a species |
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The numerical description of a species' teeth, listing the number, in one quadrant of the jaws, or incisors, canines, premolars, and molars |
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A space between two teeth |
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Refers to a premolar adapted for cutting |
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The production and secretion of milk from a female mammal's mammary glands, providing a food source to the female's young |
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The naked surface around the nostrils, typically wet in mammals |
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Heterodont Teeth (Homodont Teeth) |
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Mammals have 4 specific kinds of teeth... Homodont teeth are sharp teeth for grabbing food. Reptiles use as well |
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Primitive Characteristics |
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Multiple tooth types- Incisors, canine, premolars, molars. Reduced number of teeth- Fewer premolars and molars |
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Able to maintain a constant body temp. -Fur -Sweat Glands -Ingest large quantities of food -Circulatory system -Blood vessels that dialate and constrict - 4 chambered heart |
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-An arboreal environment (bush, shrub, tree ecological niche - When first started hunting they would eat bugs off the trees and leaves and then eventually had to chase and grab the bugs (not as easy). - Conversion of eyes was a predatory adaptaion Later these features were important for arboreal adaptations |
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Characteristics of Primates |
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Defined as an order of animals that grasp (prehensile) -Mobile wrist and ankle joints -Retension of 5 digits on hands and feet -Opposable thumbs (ability to roll thumg into palm) -Tactile pads with sensory nerve fibers -Nails instead of claws to protect the fiber pads (if primate were to hang the nails would protect the pad from spreading or slipping) |
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Characteristics of Mammals |
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-Endothermic (hemothermic): able to obtain a constant body temp -Heterodent teeth (four different types of teeth in mammals; incisors, canines, premolars, molars) -Growth and Development, bones grow in length at cartilage growth plate, growth stops when epiphysis fuses |
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Animals produce large numbers of offspring but provide little care for those offspring |
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Animals have few offspring but will provide much more care |
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Visual Predation Hypothesis of Primate Origins (Matt Cartmill) |
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Argued that primates used to be predators: It started with hunting bugs off trees to having to chase and grab insects which lead to predatory adaptaion. Which was an important feature for arboreal adaptation |
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Post-Orbital Bar vs. Enclosed Orbits |
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A bone which runs around the eyesocket of most Prosimians. This is in contrast to the higher primates, Anthropoids, who have evolved fully enclosed sockets to protect their eyes |
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Eyes face forward; color vision in higher forms -reduced reliance on smell (smaller snout) -Generalized diet (omnivores specific kind of food) -Long digestion -Long growth and development -Longer life span -Large brain -Highly social |
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Lower primates. Ex. Lemurs, lorises, aye-ayes (note: most are nocturnal, solitary, arboreal, and insectivorous. Retain a tapetum eye, and rhinarium: wet nose with whiskers.) |
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Tarsiformers/ Tarsiers- Superfamily. -Small in size -Elongated Limbs -Nocturnal -No tapetum -Fovea, which provides important visual detail |
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Includes monkeys, apes, humans, tarsiers -larger body size and brain -reduced sense of smell -post orbital closure -mostly day active -increased reliance on vision -greater degree of color vision -Diurnal |
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New World Monkeys. Means flat nosed. -Side facing nostrils -Lack trichromatic vision -Have 12 premolars instead of 8 -Have prehensile tails -Form monogamous pair bonds -Almost all arboreal -Central and South America |
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Means narrow nose. One of the three major divisions of Haplorrhini, containing Old World monkeys and Apes. -Dental Formula= 2.1.2.3 -Dont form pair bond -Native to Africa and Asia -Diurnal -Tails not prehensile -Flat fingernails |
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Ape. -2 families within Hominoidea -problem solving abilities -use of tools -no tail -larger body size -rely on vision -suspensory hanging adaptation -y5 cusp pattern of molars -Arms longer than legs (but humans) -Larger brain (smarties) -Prolonged growth and development |
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-most have tails -omnivorous -5-7 month gestation -reach sexual maturity at 4-6 years -single male lives with each group of females - |
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-includes humans, gorillas, and chimps |
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Lemus and lorises possess this unique morphology of lower incisors and canines. Useful for scraping and grooming. Especially useful for extracting resins from trees. |
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Species that eat both plants and animals |
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Appetite largely consisting of leaves |
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Appetite consists of fruits, leaves, and insects |
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Appetite consists of insects and other small creatures |
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Run along on branches and leap from one branch to another -Challenge: hang on, keep balance -Pladorymphe: tails as 5th limb -Arms and legs equal length, short -Long toes, fingers, and tail (macaques, most S. American monkeys) |
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-Spends most of the day on the ground -Challenge: avoid predators -Long but equal length in arms and legs -Digits shorter -Short or absent tail (chimps, gorillas, baboons) |
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Vertical Clinging and Leaping |
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Locomotion. -jumping monkeys -mark territory by scent -scent glands are located on wrists and chest (lemurs, lorisidae) |
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-Suspend the body beneath tree branches -A specialized suspensory adaptation is true branchiation -Able to hang on trees but are too heavy -Arms longer than legs -Fingers and toes are long (provide safety) |
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A specialized suspensory adaptation |
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-Specialized form of locomotion -Weight supported on the middle -Fold their fingers to walk |
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A Y-shaped groove is dominant with the fork of the Y directed toward the outside of the tooth |
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Refers to lower molars, in old world monkeys, that have two ridges |
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Is a ridge of bone running lengthwise along the midline of the top of the skull |
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Nocturnal prosimians, orangutangs |
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Changes that are introduced by reproductive hormones that attract the opposite sex |
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Helps maintain social order, males are in charge of the troop for protection. Also female dominance exsists as well, in charge of food and food distribution |
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Important for learning. Mother wants to teach offspring about predators, diet, quantity, and location -Learning -Observation and Imitation -Play, important in primates lives -Communication, learn how to play nice, vocalization, gestures, explore and behavior |
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Alloparenting (Aunt Behavior) |
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Flo watches mother have another offspring and imitates her behavior for her own fyi when she has her own offspring |
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Important social behavior, and hygenical importance |
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Evolutionary Ecology/Sociobiology |
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-Goal: interpret behavior in an evolutionary perspective -Caution: this does not mean that certain genes control specific behavior -Ex: there is not a gene for aggression nor cooperation |
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-Advantages: avoid predation, defense of resources, access to mates, assistance in rearing and protecting offspring. -Disadvantages: Increased likelyhood of intergroup competition for resources, greater chance of aggressive behavior and violence. Especially when the group gets too large |
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