Term
|
Definition
| Amphibians are considered primitive because they have lungs but must remain moist |
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Term
|
Definition
Frogs and Toads
45 families
~7000 species |
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Term
|
Definition
Salamanders
8 families
>550 species |
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Term
|
Definition
Caecilians
3 families
>170 species |
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Term
|
Definition
All continents except Antarctica
Most Diverse in Tropics
~10mm to 30cm (60cm including legs)
Majority terrestrial as adults
All are predators |
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Term
|
Definition
4 toes on front feet
5 to 9 presacral vertebrate
Elongated Ilium
Urostyle
Long Hind limbs and toes |
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Term
|
Definition
Northern Hemisphere
Most species in North and Central America
15mm-to over 1 meter (not including tail)
Majority are terrestrial |
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Term
|
Definition
| retain larval characteristics as adults |
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Term
|
Definition
long tails
short fore-and hind limbs
long vertebral column
sacral area unmodified
Also have teeth in upper and lower league |
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Term
|
Definition
remain neotenic throughout entire lifecycle- retain gills and never metamorphose in to a terrestrial adult
-mudpuppies and sirens |
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Term
|
Definition
can choice whether they remain neotenic or whether they metamorphose into a terrestrial adult - depending on conditions
-North American Salamanders |
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Term
|
Definition
Tropical (not in North America)
Most speciose in S. America, Africa, and Asia
Terrestrial (burrowing) and aquatic
All are legless, reduced eye, solid craniums -all adaptations for burrowing
They also have rings (annuli) around their bodies which makes them look like earthworms |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
Modern caecilians are legless
short or no tail
teeth in upper and lower jaws
the skull is a solid box- facilitates burrowing |
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Term
|
Definition
| moved by muscle in eye, only Caecilians have it |
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Term
| What makes poison dart frogs poinsonous |
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Definition
| from the ants they eat- formic acid |
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Term
|
Definition
| (warning) coloration and behaviors typically advertise distasteful properties |
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Term
|
Definition
| lots of models- poison dart frogs |
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Term
|
Definition
| People would lick the poison sac of the toad and get high |
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Term
|
Definition
| Golden Arrow Frog- thought to be the most toxic frog |
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Term
|
Definition
| both larvae and adults rely on the skin surface for gas exchange (particularly release CO2) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Cryptobranchidae- lack gills, have lungs but rely heavily on cutaneous respiration - live in fast flowing streams with high O2 levels |
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Term
|
Definition
| inhabits bottom of lake Titicaca, lacks gills, have lungs but rely on cutaneous respiration, very reduced metabolic rate |
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Term
|
Definition
| common ancestor of the Plethdontidae (the largest family of Salamaders) |
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Term
| Loss of lungs in Gymnophonia |
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Definition
| Two species of caecilians are known to lack lungs (only recently described in 2010) |
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Term
|
Definition
| A species of frog (first described in the 1970s) from Borneo was recently discovered to lack lungs |
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Term
| Barbourula klimantanensis |
|
Definition
| World's only lungless frog |
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Term
| Synapomorphies that support Amphibian monophyly |
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Definition
Structure of the skin and the importance of cutaneous gas exchange. All amphibians have mucus glands to help keep their skin moist. A substantial part of amphibians's exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide with the environment takes place through the skin amphibians have poison (granular) glands in the skin
Pedicellate teeth |
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Term
|
Definition
| Nearly all amphibians have teeth in which the crown and base (pedicel)are composed of dentine and are separated by a narrow zone of uncalcified dentine or fibrous connective tissue. |
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Term
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Definition
| The group referred to as the sister groups of anurans and caudates |
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Term
|
Definition
| Modern amphibians are monophyletic with the caecilians (Lissamphibia) being the sister group to the Batrachia |
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Term
| When are all extant groups of amphibians recognized |
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Definition
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Term
| When is first amphibian recognized |
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Definition
| Permian, but only vertebrae |
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Term
|
Definition
| refers to the texture of the skin (Liss=smooth) |
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Term
|
Definition
Thin epidermal layer
Highly vascularized
Different types of multicellular glands |
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Term
|
Definition
Mucus glands
Poison glands
Hedonic glands |
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Term
|
Definition
large capillart beds close to the surface (just below epidermis)
Cutaneous Respiration |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| capable of priducing irritable to extremely toxic substances |
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Term
|
Definition
| involved in peromone production |
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Term
|
Definition
| maintaing osmotic pressure of organisms fluids to maintain homeostasis of organism's water content- major problem when skin is thin and permeable |
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Term
| Influx of water in aquatic environments |
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Definition
| amphibians and larval stages have top produce copious amounts of urine to deal with this influx |
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Term
|
Definition
| Major problem for terrestrail amphibians |
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Term
| Do Amphibians drink water? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Behavioral Adaptions to water loss |
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Definition
| come out when it is cooler |
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Term
| Water uptake mechanisms to respond to water loss |
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Definition
Mintain a water resevoir (most commonly in the urinary bladder)
Pelvic patch of anurans (highly absorptive area on underside of body)
Cover body in a waxy water tight layer |
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Term
|
Definition
| Turtles, Lepidosaurs, archosaurs and mammals |
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Term
|
Definition
Non-amniote vertebrates
Including majority of fishes and all amphibians |
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Term
| Characteristics of Amniotes |
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Definition
Amniotic Egg
Impermeable Skin
Costal ventilation of lungs
Temporal Fenestration |
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Term
|
Definition
| An egg with elaborate extraembyronic membranes, surrounded by a shell |
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Term
|
Definition
| Amniotes have a much thicker epidermis, with elaborate keratinous structures (scales, feathers and hair) |
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Term
| Costal ventilation of lungs |
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Definition
| Have an advanced method of lung ventilation that involves the rib cage |
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Term
|
Definition
| Skulls are characterized by fenestra (openings)- which vary between and within groups of amniotes |
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Term
| How anmniotic egg is different from the anamanitoic egg by presence of |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Provides mechanical protection but it porous enough to allow movement of the respiratory gases and water vapor |
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Term
|
Definition
| An extraembyronic membrane that only surrounds the embryo |
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Term
|
Definition
Cavity filled between the embryo and the amnion is referred to as the amniotic cavity
-filled with amniotic fluid |
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Term
|
Definition
An extraembyronic that develops as an extension of the hind gut
Acts as a storage for nitrogenous waste produced by the metabolism of the embryo
-base of allantois contributes to the formation of the urinary bladder in adult stage
Highly vascularized and serves as a respiratory organ during later development
Left behind upon hatching |
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Term
|
Definition
| An extraembyronic membrane that surrounds the other extraembryonic membranes (outermost membrane) |
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Term
| How the shell offers mechanical protection |
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Definition
| The fluid filled membranes inside that surrounds the embryo also provide mechanical protection |
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Term
| Different properties of Shells |
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Definition
| Some are soft and flexible (most reptiles and mammals) other are hard and inflexible (birds) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Shell of amniotic egg covered in pores which allow gas exchange across the shell and allow water vapor to enter the shell |
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Term
| Why is the amniotic egg an advantage |
|
Definition
Amniotic egg allows amniotes to dispense with the larval stage and have larger offspring upon hatching
CAN NOT LAY EGGS IN WATER |
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Term
| Why is Amniotic skin impermeable? |
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Definition
Thicker epidermis
High levels of lipids in epidermis |
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Term
|
Definition
| type of fibrous structural protein (sclero-protein) which contain large amounts of sulphur- mature keratin is dead |
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Term
| Outer most layer of of skin |
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Definition
| Stratum corneum- composed of dead, keratin rich cells |
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Term
| What is the armor of earlier vertebrates derived from? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Expansion of rib cage creates negative pressure which draws air into the lungs (via trachea)- contraction of the rib cage forces air back out |
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Term
|
Definition
Amphibians use this to force air into the lungs
-system relied heavily on throat muscles
-more energy consumed |
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Term
|
Definition
| openings in the skull through which muscles pass to insert on the mandible (lower jaw) |
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Term
|
Definition
No fenestra
Early amniotes and turtles |
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Term
|
Definition
Single fenestra behind orbit
Synapsids (mammalsa and mammal-like reptiles) |
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Term
|
Definition
Two fenestrae behind orbit
Lepidosaurs(tautaras, lizards and snakes) and archosaurs (crocodiles, dinosaurs and birds) |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| retain "plesiomorphic" tidal flow condition where air flows in and out of the lungs via the same passage |
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Term
|
Definition
| Derived sauropsids (e.g. birds and possibly all dinosaurs have evolved a flow through system- where air flows in one direction) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Turtles are the only extant anapsids |
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|
Term
| Turtles are not really diverse |
|
Definition
| only 300 species across 13 families |
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|
Term
| Where do turtles fit in the cladogram? |
|
Definition
| sister group to Diapsids or Lepidosaurs |
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|
Term
| Turtles have what type of fenestra conditon? |
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| sharp biting edge of turtle jaw |
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Term
|
Definition
Lack teeth
Jaws are surrounded by a hard keratinous sheath
Sheath has a sharp edge and is useful for cutting
Most omnivores, but some are herbivores |
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Term
|
Definition
10 families
Found worldwide, excluding Australia
Retract head by bending neck in a vertical s-shape
So called "s-necked" turtles |
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Term
|
Definition
3 families
Found only in Southern hemisphere
Retract head by bending neck horizontally (to the side)
So called "sided-necked" turtles |
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Term
| Pleurodira characteristics |
|
Definition
smaller than Cryptodira and is restricted entirely to the southern hemisphere
strange turtles |
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Term
|
Definition
Endoskeleton
Dermoskeleton
Epidermis |
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Term
|
Definition
| Vertebral column, ribs, clavical, interclavical |
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Two halves of a turtle shell |
|
Definition
Carapace (upper half)
Plastron (lower half) |
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Term
|
Definition
composed of roughly 59 separate plates of bone
-pygal
-suprapygal |
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Term
|
Definition
composed of 9 plates of dermal bone
-Epiplastron
-Entoplastron |
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Term
|
Definition
Keratinous
-covered by 5 unpaired vertical scutes, bordered by pleural, and then marginal scutes |
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Term
|
Definition
| covered by 6 pairs of scutes |
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Term
|
Definition
| Hinge between the hyoplastral and hypoplastral bones allows the plastron to close anterior and posterior openings of shell |
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Term
|
Definition
| Double hinge, one anterior (between the epiplastra and entoplastron) and one posterior (between the hyoplastron and xiphiplastron) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Lack keratinous scutes and the bony plates are greatly reduced |
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Term
|
Definition
| Lack keratinous scutes and the typical dermal bone plates are replaced by thousands of tiny dermal bones |
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Term
|
Definition
The ribs fuse (during development) to the costal series of the bony plates which provides further reinforcement for the shell
The pectoral girdle is inside the rib cage |
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|
Term
| When did turtles first appear? |
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| costal ventilation to expand the lungs, Turtles cannot do this because their ribs are fused |
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Term
|
Definition
| Flexing transverse abdominus to breath or by walking |
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Term
| When can turtles no breath |
|
Definition
| When head and legs are retracted into the shell |
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Term
|
Definition
Sea turtles cannot breath and crawl
-crawl a short distance, then breathe, then crawl |
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Term
| Walking gait of Box Turtles |
|
Definition
| Diagonal gait - movement of the forelimbs conetacted by hind limbs |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| "butt breather"- uses highly vascularized cloaca |
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Term
|
Definition
| holds its cloacal oriface open and rapidly pumps water in and out at a rate of 15-60 times per minute |
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Term
|
Definition
| Oviparous, clutch sizes range from 4-5 eggs up to more than 100 eggs |
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Term
| Temperature Dependent sex determination |
|
Definition
| lower temps result in more males, higher temps in more females |
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Term
|
Definition
One transition zone around a certain temperature
-above temp all females/below temp all males |
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Term
|
Definition
Two transition zones
-one sex dominates at an intermediate temp
-other sex dominates at extremes |
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Term
|
Definition
Collection for pet trade
Collection for food
Collection for traditional medicine
Habitat Destruction
Pollution |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Genus of extinct sea turtle of the family Dermochelyidae
-Shell length up to 4 meters in length and 4.9 meters wide
LARGEST TURTLE KNOWN |
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Term
|
Definition
Largest group of non-avian reptiles ~7700 species
4800 lizards, 2900 snakes, 2 tuatara |
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Term
| Lepidosaur Characteristics |
|
Definition
Diapsids
Bodies covered in scales (keratinous) derived from epidermis and are pretty impermeable
-Cyclical Shedding
-Growth is Determinate
Transverse Cloacal slit
Internal Fertilization |
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Term
|
Definition
| Outer layer is shed periodically as growth occurs |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
Tuatara
Restricted to a few islands off New Zealand
2 species, may actually be 9
Live a long time
Low body temperatures- live in burrows of sea birds
Sister group to Squamata |
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Term
|
Definition
Diapsids
2 rows of teeth in upper jaw
teeth in lower jaw fit between rows of upper jaw- creates a shearing effect
Have a diverse diet |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Massive group ~7,700 species
Snakes and Lizards
Very diverse |
|
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Term
| Four major lineages of Squamata |
|
Definition
Iguana
Gekkota
Scincomorpha
Anguimorpha
-monitor lizards, gila monsters, snakes and close relatives |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Modified diapsid condition
Quadratojugal is absent |
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Term
| Temporal bar in Lepidosaurs |
|
Definition
| Is absent, it is formed by the jugal bone and quadratojugal bone |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
Scolecophidia
Alethinophidia |
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Term
|
Definition
Largest supergroup of the Alethinophidia
Found in all continents (except Antarctica)
Over 2300 species-all venomous snakes |
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Term
|
Definition
Colubridae
Viperidae
Elapidae |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Very kinetic
8 mobile joints
Lower jaw of left and right side are only connected by muscle and skin
Skin on ventral surface of head very stretchy |
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of snakes |
|
Definition
Members of Scolecophidia and some Alethoinophidia posses vestiges of the pelvic girdle
Coulubroidea-no traces of either girdle |
|
|
Term
| How many times have being limbless been evolved? |
|
Definition
| 25-60 times within Squamata |
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Term
|
Definition
Snakes lost forelimbs first and then hindlimbs
The spurs of male boid snakes-hi |
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Term
|
Definition
Serpentine
Body is thrown into a series of curves, not evenly distributed along body
Snakes presses backwards on the substrate at each curve- causes forward movement |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Used my heavily bodied snakes
Alternate sections of the ventral integument are lifted off the ground and pulled forward by muscles that originate on the ribs and insert on the ventral scales
Waves of contraction move from anterior to posterior and the snake moves forward
Slow but effective |
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|
Term
|
Definition
Infrared light is sensed by trigeminal-innervated blind nerve endings
Many boas and pythons have labial "pits"
Tempertures of .05 degrees C will elicit a response from some snakes |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| snakes have one or more enlarged teeth near rear of the maxilla (mainly Colubidae) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Hallow fangs located at the front of the maxilla that are permanently erect (Elapidae) |
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Term
|
Definition
| The hallow fangs are the only teeth on the maxilla and can rotate (erect) so that the fangs can fold up when the mouth is closed (Viperidae) |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Rely on external sources of heat to raise body temp |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| can speed up heating or slow down cooling |
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|
Term
| Heliotherms gain heat from |
|
Definition
Directly
Reflected
Conduction
Convection |
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|
Term
|
Definition
Conduction
Convection
Evaporation
Breathing |
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|
Term
| Ideal Temperature for Lepidosaurs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many times has viviparity evolved in lizards and snakes |
|
Definition
45 times in lizards
35 times among snakes |
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|
Term
| Most viviparous lizards are in the family |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Lowers reproduction output
Agility substantially reduced when carrying developing embryos |
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Term
|
Definition
| Mother can use own thermoregulatory behavior to control temperature of embryos- speed up development in cold climate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
All female species of squamates
-6 families of lizards, one snake
Orgins from interspecific hybrids
All individuals are genetically identical |
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|
Term
| Hallmarks of the Tetrapod Skeleton |
|
Definition
Vertebral centra with zygapophyses
Pelvic girdle attached to vertebral column (sacral region)
Pectoral girdle free from cranium
Limbs with carpels and tarsals and digits |
|
|
Term
| Problems to overcome before getting on land |
|
Definition
Locomotion on land
Breathing air
Sensing surroundings
Conserving water
Controlling body temp |
|
|
Term
| Sensory systems in water vs. air |
|
Definition
Lateral line- water
Electroreception- water
Vision and Hearing- air
Chemical senses- air |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Chemosensation mediated by receptor cells that respond to the presence of chemicals with specific characteristics |
|
|
Term
| Receptor cells responsible for smell are located? |
|
Definition
In the Olfactory Epithelium
- All vertebrates but lampreys |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Not connected to the mouth |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| pair of internal nostrils |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| shows migration of nostril |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| thin scrolls of bone- makes our sense of smell very sensitive, they increase the surface area of the olfactory epithelium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Jacobson's Organ
-anterior roof of mouth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Where the head is lifted high and the upper lips is curled to inhale pheromones into Vomeronasal organ |
|
|
Term
| Three major tetrapod lineages |
|
Definition
Batrachomorpha
Lespondyli
Reptilomorpha |
|
|
Term
| When did tetrapods come on land |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Diverse, both semi-aquatic and terrestrial
Very different body forms
Relationships to other tetrapods lineages is unclear
% groups- Nectridia |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Poorly developed limbs- probably aquatic, where like salamanders
Diplocaulus
Up to 1 meter in length
Boomerang shaped head |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Well known from the Permian of North America |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Includes aquatic, semi-aquatic, and terrestrial
First appeared in mid Carboniferous
Reduced number of digits on the forelimbs (4) |
|
|
Term
| Batrachomorpha into 2 groups |
|
Definition
Temnospondyli
Lissamphibia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
All extinct
Paraphyletic- some giving rise to modern amphibians
Many were large (up to 2M in length)
Probably like modern crocodiles |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Includes Extant Amphibians (anurnas, salamanders and caecilians) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Major lineage of Tetropda
-Origins in early Carboniferous
Majority of extant tetrapods |
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|
