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Techniques and strategies employed for preventing deviant human behavior in any society |
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penalties and rewards for conduct concerning a social norm |
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Going along with peers who have no special right to direct behavior |
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Compliance with higher authorities in an hierarchical structure |
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Experimenter instructed people to administer increasingly painful electric shocks to a subject (2/3 were declared "obedient subjects") |
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Used casually to enforce norms |
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Carried out by authorized agents |
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Governmental social control; the legal order reflects values of those in a position to exercise authority |
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Our connection to members of society leads us to systematically conform to society's norms |
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Behavior that violates the standards of conduct or expectations of a group or society |
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Labels society uses to devalue members of certain social groups |
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Loss of direction felt in society when social control of individual behavior has become ineffective |
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Anomie Theory of Deviance (Functionalist) |
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How people adapt in creation ways by conforming to or by deviating from cultural expectations (conformist, innovator, ritualist, retreatist, rebel) |
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Cultural transmission (Interactionist) |
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Humans learn how to behave in social situations, whether properly or improperly |
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Differential association (Interactionist) |
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Process through which exposure to attitudes favorable to criminal acts leads to the violation of rules |
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Social Disorganization Theory (Interactionist) |
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Increases in crime and deviance attributed to absence or breakdown of communal relationships and social institutions (some claim theory seems to "blame the victim") |
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Labeling Theory (Interactionist) |
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Attempts to explain why some people are viewed as deviants while others are not; AKA societal-reaction approach: response to an act, not the behavior, determines deviance |
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Social Constructionist Perspective (Interactionist) |
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Deviance is a product of the culture we live in |
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Conflict Theory (deviance) |
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People with power protect their own interests and define deviance to suit their needs |
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Differential justice (Conflict) |
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Differences in way social control is exercised over different groups |
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Adler and Chesney-Lind argue existing approaches to deviance and crime (ex. death sentence) are developed with men in mind |
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Violation of criminal law for which some governmental authority applies formal penalties |
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Murder, Burglary, Rape, Robbery, Theft, Assault, Arson |
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willing exchange among adults of widely desired, but illegal, goods and services |
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Professional crime/criminal |
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many people make a career of illegal activities (person who pursues crime as a day-to-day occupation) |
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group that regulates relations between various criminal enterprise involved in illegal activities |
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illegal acts committed in the course of business activities |
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use of high technology to carry out embezzlement or electronic fraud |
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any act by a corporation that is punishable by the government |
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crime that occurs across multiple national borders (international crime spans globe) |
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Surveys of ordinary people (not cops) to determine whether they have been victims of crime |
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42% of US households have some type of firearm; about 50% of US adults favor stricter gun laws |
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