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-are not learned -patterned responses |
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Environmental Theories of Behavior |
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human beings are born as blank slates |
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-assigned no role - human nature is plastic |
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the genetics an organism inherits from parents |
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visible outcome of genes (height, weight, skin, hair) |
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what likeness is measured by |
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Identical twin separation studies |
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-behavior traits are genetically inherited - |
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Monozygotic vs. Dyzygotic |
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-they share an egg/DNA/identical -two eggs/fraternal |
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-a professor of psychiatry -studied heritability of alcoholism |
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-adoptees with an alcoholic biological parent had a 50% rate of alcoholism |
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-anthropometrics correlates human height and weight |
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genes vs. social environment |
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National center on Health statistics |
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lack of nutrition, poor sanitation, and disease can shorten human growth |
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20th century experienced huge gains in life expectancy |
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chemical messengers that regulate organs and body functions |
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boost production of testosterone |
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CDC study of enlisted soldiers |
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-randomly selected enlisted men in Vietnam -life histories were collected & measure of testosterone level -higher level of testosterone is associated with: divorce, abusive, extramarital sex, drugs, alcohol, unemployment |
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Definition
did field studies with chimpanzees and found that they use tools, teach tool use, and commit acts of violence |
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-rare -result of extreme neglect, abuse |
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learning & development, humans acquire values, technical & cultural skills & behaviors |
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researcher at the primate laboratory at UW |
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dominated social scientific accounts of socialization |
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-first comprehensive scientific assault S-R theory -learning is more than copying & repetition -human mind develops in stages |
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four stages: 1. sensorimotor 2. preoperational 3. concrete operational 4. formal operational |
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-begins at birth & lasts till age 2 -only know world through their senses |
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-age 2-7 -devoted to language & acquisition |
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-age 7-12 -develop logical principles |
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-begins at age 12 -learn to think abstractly |
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discovered 3 properties of the language instinct |
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-when people of different language families are put together & they develop a simple form of speech -a pidgin language that can evolve into a language with grammatical rules |
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discovered the invention of a Creole |
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Agencies of socialization |
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1. the family 2. the school 3. the peer group 4. mass media |
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-our behavior -some forms are harmful some aren't |
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Their definition of crime is: acts of force or fraud undertaken in the pursuit of self-interest |
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Definition
robbery, burglary, homicide |
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US burglary rate vs. Nordic countries |
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-australia has the highest rate -is slightly higher in the US than Canada |
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offenders commit a wide variety of criminal acts |
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gathered data on prison & jail inmates to develop a biological theory of criminal deviance |
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Definition
produced by the body in response to fear or anxiety |
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Walter Grove & sociobiology of crime |
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Definition
argues that variation in crime by age and gender are suggestive of biological causes |
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Steve Levitt & abortion-crime link |
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Definition
used abortion data to predict the decline in crime rates observed in the 1990s |
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Definition
advanced a social learning model of criminal aggression |
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Differential Association theory of crime |
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Definition
the propensity to commit deviance is predictable by exposure to and interaction with criminal tutors |
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Definition
view criminal deviance as a normal response to the conditions that limit the opportunities for some individuals to obtain the economic success for which we are all supposed to strive |
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-thought of the structural strain theory of deviance |
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-accepted by institutionalized means -accepted by cultural goals |
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-accepted by institutionalized means -rejected by cultural goals |
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-rejected by institutionalized means -accepted by cultural goals |
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-rejected by institutionalized means -rejected by cultural goals |
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Social Disorganization Theory |
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Definition
loss of neighborhood effectiveness |
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Definition
the shared power of a group to coordinate social outcomes |
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Definition
-commuter zones -crime rates decrease when they move through this |
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Social Control Theory of crime |
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Definition
-why don't people commit crimes -1. attachment to others 2. investment in conventional lines of action 3. involvement in conventional activities 4. belief in the moral order & law |
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Definition
involves the unwillingness or inability to defer gratification |
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children were tested at 18 & comparisons were made between "impulsive children" & "impulse controlling children" |
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Stark notes that crime rates have a seasonal quality |
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Definition
-drugs play a role in crime rates |
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highly addictive stimulant |
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cocaine, marijuana, & heroine |
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Definition
75% of drug users use marijuana |
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principle of dependence, visibility, extensiveness |
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prevention, deterrence, reform |
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researched informal control |
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prevent crime by hardening of targets |
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logic of analysis- blood relatives more alike than two unrelated random people |
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stratification is caused by unequal distribution of property, prestige, and power |
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Definition
stratification system where social position depends on persons ability and effort |
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Definition
upward & downward mobility |
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people must be motivated by greater rewards to fill important roles |
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