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exam 2
sociology
72
Sociology
Undergraduate 1
11/01/2010

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Term
Instinct
Definition
-are not learned
-patterned responses
Term
Environmental Theories of Behavior
Definition
varies by space and time
Term
Tabula Rasa
Definition
human beings are born as blank slates
Term
Heredity
Definition
-assigned no role
- human nature is plastic
Term
Genotype
Definition
the genetics an organism inherits from parents
Term
Phenotype
Definition
visible outcome of genes (height, weight, skin, hair)
Term
Rates of Concordance
Definition
what likeness is measured by
Term
Identical twin separation studies
Definition
-behavior traits are genetically inherited
-
Term
Monozygotic vs. Dyzygotic
Definition
-they share an egg/DNA/identical
-two eggs/fraternal
Term
Marc Schuckit
Definition
-a professor of psychiatry
-studied heritability of alcoholism
Term
Heredity of alcoholism
Definition
-adoptees with an alcoholic biological parent had a 50% rate of alcoholism
Term
Human Growth Revolution
Definition
-anthropometrics correlates human height and weight
Term
Nature vs. Nurture
Definition
genes vs. social environment
Term
National center on Health statistics
Definition
data on height
Term
Obesity Epidemic
Definition
lack of nutrition, poor sanitation, and disease can shorten human growth
Term
Life Expectancy Gains
Definition
20th century experienced huge gains in life expectancy
Term
Hormones
Definition
chemical messengers that regulate organs and body functions
Term
Anabolic Steroids
Definition
boost production of testosterone
Term
CDC study of enlisted soldiers
Definition
-randomly selected enlisted men in Vietnam
-life histories were collected & measure of testosterone level
-higher level of testosterone is associated with: divorce, abusive, extramarital sex, drugs, alcohol, unemployment
Term
Jane Goodall
Definition
did field studies with chimpanzees and found that they use tools, teach tool use, and commit acts of violence
Term
Feral Children
Definition
-rare
-result of extreme neglect, abuse
Term
Socialization
Definition
learning & development, humans acquire values, technical & cultural skills & behaviors
Term
Harry Harlow
Definition
researcher at the primate laboratory at UW
Term
Stimulus-Response Theory
Definition
dominated social scientific accounts of socialization
Term
Jean Piaget
Definition
-first comprehensive scientific assault S-R theory
-learning is more than copying & repetition
-human mind develops in stages
Term
Cognitive Development
Definition
four stages: 1. sensorimotor 2. preoperational 3. concrete operational 4. formal operational
Term
Sensorimotor
Definition
-begins at birth & lasts till age 2
-only know world through their senses
Term
Preoperational
Definition
-age 2-7
-devoted to language & acquisition
Term
Concrete Operational
Definition
-age 7-12
-develop logical principles
Term
Formal Operational
Definition
-begins at age 12
-learn to think abstractly
Term
Noam Chomsky
Definition
discovered 3 properties of the language instinct
Term
Pidgin vs. Creole
Definition
-when people of different language families are put together & they develop a simple form of speech
-a pidgin language that can evolve into a language with grammatical rules
Term
Derek Bickerton
Definition
discovered the invention of a Creole
Term
Agencies of socialization
Definition
1. the family 2. the school 3. the peer group 4. mass media
Term
Deviance
Definition
-our behavior
-some forms are harmful some aren't
Term
Gottfredson & Hirschi
Definition
Their definition of crime is: acts of force or fraud undertaken in the pursuit of self-interest
Term
Ordinary Crime
Definition
robbery, burglary, homicide
Term
US burglary rate vs. Nordic countries
Definition
-australia has the highest rate
-is slightly higher in the US than Canada
Term
Offender Versatility
Definition
offenders commit a wide variety of criminal acts
Term
Cesare Lombroso
Definition
gathered data on prison & jail inmates to develop a biological theory of criminal deviance
Term
Cortisol
Definition
produced by the body in response to fear or anxiety
Term
Walter Grove & sociobiology of crime
Definition
argues that variation in crime by age and gender are suggestive of biological causes
Term
Steve Levitt & abortion-crime link
Definition
used abortion data to predict the decline in crime rates observed in the 1990s
Term
Albert Bandura
Definition
advanced a social learning model of criminal aggression
Term
Differential Association theory of crime
Definition
the propensity to commit deviance is predictable by exposure to and interaction with criminal tutors
Term
structural strain
Definition
view criminal deviance as a normal response to the conditions that limit the opportunities for some individuals to obtain the economic success for which we are all supposed to strive
Term
Robert Merton
Definition
-thought of the structural strain theory of deviance
Term
conformity
Definition
-accepted by institutionalized means
-accepted by cultural goals
Term
ritualism
Definition
-accepted by institutionalized means
-rejected by cultural goals
Term
innovation
Definition
-rejected by institutionalized means
-accepted by cultural goals
Term
retreatism
Definition
-rejected by institutionalized means
-rejected by cultural goals
Term
rebellion
Definition
-new means
-new goals
Term
Social Disorganization Theory
Definition
loss of neighborhood effectiveness
Term
Collective efficacy
Definition
the shared power of a group to coordinate social outcomes
Term
concentric zones
Definition
-commuter zones
-crime rates decrease when they move through this
Term
Social Control Theory of crime
Definition
-why don't people commit crimes
-1. attachment to others 2. investment in conventional lines of action 3. involvement in conventional activities 4. belief in the moral order & law
Term
Low self-control
Definition
involves the unwillingness or inability to defer gratification
Term
Stanford Experiment
Definition
children were tested at 18 & comparisons were made between "impulsive children" & "impulse controlling children"
Term
Seasonality of crime
Definition
Stark notes that crime rates have a seasonal quality
Term
Drugs & Crime
Definition
-drugs play a role in crime rates
Term
methamphetamine
Definition
highly addictive stimulant
Term
cocaine, marijuana, & heroine
Definition
75% of drug users use marijuana
Term
Informal Social Control
Definition
principle of dependence, visibility, extensiveness
Term
formal control
Definition
prevention, deterrence, reform
Term
Hechter and Kanazawa
Definition
researched informal control
Term
Deterrence
Definition
threats of punishment
Term
prevention
Definition
prevent crime by hardening of targets
Term
sociobiology
Definition
logic of analysis- blood relatives more alike than two unrelated random people
Term
max weber
Definition
stratification is caused by unequal distribution of property, prestige, and power
Term
meritocracy
Definition
stratification system where social position depends on persons ability and effort
Term
exchange mobility
Definition
upward & downward mobility
Term
davis-moore theory
Definition
people must be motivated by greater rewards to fill important roles
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