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Types of organisms: bacteria Characteristics: no nucleus, circular DNA, no membrane-bound organelles Parts of The Cell: cytoplasm ribosomes single choromosome cell wall ex: Lactobacillus, Staphylococcus, Pseudomonas bacterium |
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Types of organisms: Paramecium to the blue whale Characteristics: nucleus, linear DNA, membrane-bound organelles materials: protoplasm, nucleoplasm, cytoplasm, |
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| Internal Membrane System of the Cell |
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compartmentalize cell transport materials surfaces for reactions |
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| Cell Surfaces/ Processes of Eukaryotes |
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Cell surfaces: •Sperm; ovum; mast cell; macrophage •Cell processes: •Extension of surface area for secretion and absorption •Intestinal epithelial cell microvilli |
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nuclear membrane nuclear pores DNA chromosomes nuclear proteins nucleolus RNA
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Endoplasmic reticulum (ER): network throughout cytoplasm; tansport •Rough ER (RER): with ribosomes; protein production; layered •Smooth ER (SER): no ribosomes; non-protein production; tubular Ribosomes:protein synthesis Golgi apparatus:packaging of cellular products Mitochondria:site of respiration •Structure; Function in respiration: •Starch >> glucose >> metabolic reactions of respiration >> ATP made >> ATP used to fuel activities of cell Chloroplasts:site of photosynthesis•Structure; Function in photosynthesis:•Sunlight >> chlorophyll >> ATP made >> ATP used to fuel series of metabolic reactions >> glucose made >> stored as starch The cytoskeleton •Fibers for support and movement of cells |
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Endoplasmic reticulum (ER): |
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•Rough ER (RER): with ribosomes; protein production; layered •Smooth ER (SER): no ribosomes; non-protein production; tubular network throughout cytoplasm; tansport |
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| packaging of cellular products |
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| site of respiration •Structure; Function in respiration: •Starch >> glucose >> metabolic reactions of respiration >> ATP made >> ATP used to fuel activities of cell |
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| site of photosynthesis•Structure; Function in photosynthesis:•Sunlight >> chlorophyll >> ATP made >> ATP used to fuel series of metabolic reactions >> glucose made >> stored as starch |
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| Fibers for support and movement of cells |
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| Six kingdoms in three dominions |
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Eukaryotes Plants Animals Fungi Single Celled eukaryotes Procaryotes Extreme bacteria Bacteria |
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Examples Cow Pea Mosaic Virus (CPMV) Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) -RNA virus |
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T2 attaches to cell Page injects a piece of chromosonal DNA DNA is incorporated by homologous recombination Cell contains DNA from Donor |
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Transfer of the f plasmid occurs through the conjugation bridge the end result is 2 f+ cells |
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1. Organization.The fundamental unit of life is called a cell. All living systems are composed of one or more cells. 2. Metabolism.Living systems take energy-rich materials from their environment and release other materials that, on average, have a lower energy content. Some of the energy fuels life processes, but some accumulates and is released only upon death. 3. Selective response.Living systems can respond selectively to certain external stimuli and not to others. Many organisms respond to offensive stimuli by withdrawing. Living organisms can distinguish needed nutrients from other chemicals and use only certain chemicals from among those available in their surroundings. 4. Homeostasis.Living systems have at least some capacity to change potentially harmful or threatening conditions into conditions favorable to their continued existence, e.g., by converting certain toxic chemicals into less harmful ones. 5. Growth and biosynthesis.Living systems go through phases during which they make more oftheir own material at the expense of some of the materials around them. 6. Genetic material.Living systems contain hereditary information derived from previously living systems. This genetic material is a nucleic acid (either DNA or RNA) in all known cases. 7. Reproduction.Living systems can produce new living systems similar to themselves by transmitting at least some of their genetic material. 8. Population structure.Living organisms form populations. Populations can be defined retrospectively as groups of individual organisms related by common descent. Among organisms capable of sexual processes, a population is all those organisms that can interbreed with one another [i.e., members of a species that can breed]. |
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