Term
| what are two differences between chronicles and samule/kings? |
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Definition
| chronicles documents david more |
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Term
| do all of the apocryphal books have some type of innacuracies in them? |
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Definition
No, 11 out of 15 have contradictions or inaccuracies.
- The ones that don’t
Prayer of Azariah
Song of the Three Young Men
Prayer of Manasseh |
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Term
| what are the arguments commonly advanced for accepting the apocrypha? |
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Definition
1) NT never cites any apocryphal books as inspired.
2) None of the apocryphal books claim to be the word of the Lord
3) OT canon is confirmed by many sources
2 Esdras
Josephus
Melito
Jerusalem List
Origen
4) There is little evidence to suggest that two different canons originated in Palestine and in Egypt. Philo, never quotes an apocryphal book as authoritative.
5) There are significant historical inaccuracies in the Apocrypha.
Events in the book of Tobit
i. Claimed to be at 722 and at 931
6) There are theological inconsistencies
2 Macc. 12 says to pray for the dead, contradicts Heb. that eternal destiny can only be made before death
7) Many early church fathers spoke against the canonicity of much or all of the Apocrypha
8) The earliest list of the OT canon by Melito (c.170) does not include the Apocrypha
9) Jerome argued against the canonicity of the Apocrypha
10) During the Council of Trent, Martin Luther argued against the canonicity of the Book of Macc. citing the N |
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Term
| is there good evidence that none of the apocryphal or pseudopigraphal works were included in the OT hebrew canon used by jews and early christians? |
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Definition
| Yes, there is no evidence that these books were ever accepted by Alexandrian Jews to form an Alexandrian canon. These books probably originated from Jewish traditions and folklore possibly to fill the desire for further revelatory material that had ceased. |
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Term
| do all of the apocryphal books have some type of inaccuracies in them? |
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Definition
No, 11 out of 15 have contradictions or inaccuracies.
- The ones that don’t
Prayer of Azariah
Song of the Three Young Men
Prayer of Manasseh |
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Term
| what are the reasons given as to why the roman catholic church considers the wider alexandrian list of books to be canonical? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the ten arguments set forth in the list in the readings for the rejection of the canonicity of the apocrypha |
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Definition
1) NT never cites any apocryphal books as inspired.
2) None of the apocryphal books claim to be the word of the Lord
3) OT canon is confirmed by many sources
2 Esdras
Josephus
Melito
Jerusalem List
Origen
4) There is little evidence to suggest that two different canons originated in Palestine and in Egypt. Philo, never quotes an apocryphal book as authoritative.
5) There are significant historical inaccuracies in the Apocrypha.
Events in the book of Tobit
i. Claimed to be at 722 and at 931
6) There are theological inconsistencies
2 Macc. 12 says to pray for the dead, contradicts Heb. that eternal destiny can only be made before death
7) Many early church fathers spoke against the canonicity of much or all of the Apocrypha
8) The earliest list of the OT canon by Melito (c.170) does not include the Apocrypha
9) Jerome argued against the canonicity of the Apocrypha
10) During the Council of Trent, Martin Luther argued against the canonicity of the Book of Macc. citing the NT |
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Term
| were any copies of pseudipigriphal writings uncovered in the caves of qumran? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are some good reasons given in the text as why to study the pseudepigrapha? |
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Definition
1) For the information they furnish concerning the social dimension of early Judaism.
2) It shows how important the OT was to the Jews
3) They are helpful in showing how doctrines developed in relationship to the NT |
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Term
| is the issue of NT canonicity more difficult to determine than OT canonicity? |
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Definition
| yes there is less definitive evidence |
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Term
| how were the events and teachings of christ transmitted for the first 30 years of the church age? |
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Definition
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Term
| why should we trust the oral accounts of the events of christs life? |
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Definition
1) Jesus’ life would have been taken on fixed forms in the telling; any embellishments or mistakes would have been easily detected by listeners.
2) It seems unlikely that the disciples and early Christians would have falsified accounts of Jesus’ life and teachings when eyewitnesses were still alive to dispute those accounts
3) All the disciples were martyred for their faith, something that seems unlikely if it were based on accounts that they themselves had falsified or fictionalized
4) Extra biblical record support scriptural accounts of Jesus’ life and teachings
Tacitus Annals (115 to 117): “Christus, the founder of the name, had undergone the death penalty in the reign of Tiberius, by sentence of the procurator Pontius Pilatus.
Josephus
Babylonian Talmud (a collection of Jewish oral traditions)
5) Biblical accounts include negative elements concerning the disciples, paul and the churches. If these were fabricated, they would not have included unfavorable details about the early church. |
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Term
| when was all of the NT written by? |
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Definition
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Term
| when were many of the NT books probably collected into some form of canon? |
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Definition
Probably before the mid-second century
- Clement of Rome (60-100)
- Ignatius (60-117)
- Polycarp (69-155)
- Justin Martyr (100-165)
- Marcion (140)
- Irenaeus (180)
- Many more … |
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Term
| how long was there uncertainty regarding mainly the general epistles? |
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Definition
| Well into the 4th century |
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Term
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Definition
Tosephta: “Law, Prophets and the Fifths.”
Sometime the (five books of the) Psalms are referred to as the “Fifths.”
Sometime the Five Megilloth (scrolls) are referred to as the “Fifths.”
(Song of Solomon, Ruth, Lamentations, Ecclesiastes & Esther)
Regardless, it seems to be in the Holy Writings: its reference is to the festival at which each was to be written:
1. The Song of Songs - On the Feast of the Passover.
2. Ruth - On the Feast of Pentecost.
3. Lamentations - On the Fast of the ninth of Abib.
4. Ecclesiastes - On the Feast of Tabernacles.
5. Esther - On the Feast of Purim. |
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Term
| OT canon was probably completed about |
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Definition
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Term
| when was the council of jamnia? |
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Definition
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Term
| the earliest NT MSS was when? |
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Definition
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Term
| when was the NT canon substantially recognized? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Apocrypha formally canonized |
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Definition
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Term
| what role does josephus play in the discussion on the issue of canonicity? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the primary differences between the issues of canonicity of the New Testament |
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Definition
Authoritative
Prophetic
Authentic
Dynamic
Received |
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Term
| what are the 5 principles in determining canonicity? |
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Definition
| authoritative, prophetic, authentic, dynamic, received |
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Term
| what are some differences in the Old Testament canons from jewish tradition, septuagint greek? latin? eastern orthodox greek? |
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Definition
Jewish tradition puts most of our “history” section in their “Prophets” section.
We put Lamentations in “Prophets” while the Hebrews do not.
We put Job #1 in our Poetry while the Septuagint puts him at #5
We and the Latin Vulgate are the same.
Orthodox puts all those Apocryphal books in. |
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Term
| how did our protestant ot canon come to include 39 books while the hebrew ot canon only included 24? |
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Definition
Yes... the kings and samuels are combined, making fewer
The minor prophets were also combined into one scroll.
Same books. All the first and seconds were combined. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Ascension of Moses
Jubilees |
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Term
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Definition
- Didn’t believe that a perfect translation of Hebrew to Greek could be possible.
- The doctrine is surprisingly traditional
- Considers biblical works as Scripture (p.103)
- There is no intimation of a future life with God in the Hebrew text; rather, all go to Sheol
- stress on the lessons of experience and on the “fear of the Lord |
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Term
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Definition
| He said to them, “This is what I told you while I was still with you: Everything must be fulfilled that is written about me in the Law of Moses, the Prophets and the Psalms |
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Term
| jesus statement of history |
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Definition
"You serpents, you brood of vipers, how shall you escape the sentence of hell? "Therefore, behold, I am sending you prophets and wise men and scribes; some of them you will kill and crucify, and some of them you will scourge in your synagogues, and persecute from city to city, that upon you may fall the guilt of all the righteous blood shed on earth, from the blood of righteous Abel to the blood of Zechariah, the son of Berechiah, whom you murdered between the temple and the altar. "Truly I say to you, all these things shall come upon this generation. (Mt. 23:33-36 NASB)
“. . . in all probability implies that for Jesus and his hearers the canon began with Genesis and ended with Chronicles, seeing that the murder of Abel is recorded near the beginning of the former book (Gen. 4.3-15) and the murder of Zechariah near the end of the latter book (2 Chron. 24. 19-22) |
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Term
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Definition
“The Laws, and the Oracles given by inspiration through the Prophets, and the Psalms, and the other books whereby knowledge and piety are increased and completed” (VC 25).
By this is would appear that Philo understood that the canon was divided into three parts roughly corresponding to the tri-partite groupings and order(s) now current within Judaism. However by the Fourth Century A.D. things were radically different. |
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Term
| what general movement is seen in the canon among different historians |
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Definition
most treatments have the same books, shape of the canon gradually shifts from TANAK to form what we have now without losing any original books.
throughout the first four centuries of church history, the order of books begins to solodify and there is movement to reject the apocrypha and pseudopigripha |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| what does less definitive evidence mean? |
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Definition
there was a lot more NT material to evaluate
there were more christian people evaluating it
ot material had, by the time of christianity- crystalized and was more uniform
the nt material went through a brief period of oral transmission
there was much less uniformity of faith with the christians than with the jews
early on there were several fully developed traditions
the process of copying, collecting, and collating the books was longer
the jews never seemed to have as much trouble weeding our spurious works |
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Term
| muratorian fragment canon--NT ONLY ca 180-200- |
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Definition
Mentions Jude and 1 and 2 John but does not mention James, 1 and 2 Peter or Hebrews
- Mentions Wisdom of Solomon and Apocalypse of Peter |
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Term
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Definition
- Formed a list held universally
4 Gospels
Acts
Paul’s 13 Epistles
1 Peter
2 Peter
2 and 3 John (he questions)
James
Jude
Didache (Noncanonical)
Epistle of Barnabas (Noncanonical)
Shepherd of Hermas (Noncanonical)
1 Clement (Noncanonical)
Acts of Paul (Noncanonical) |
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Term
| eusebius 325 ecclesiastical NT only |
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Definition
Includes all but:
James
Jude
2 Peter
2 and 3 John |
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Term
| athanasius367 festal letter 29 both OT and NT |
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Definition
- First to include all 27 books of the NT in his canon
Enumerated them in a Easter letter to his Parishioners in 367 |
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Term
| jerome ca 394-391 epistle 53 OT AND NT |
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Definition
Matthew
- Mark
- Luke
- John
Paul writes to seven churches
Hebrews
- Timothy
- Titus
- Philemon
- The Acts of the Apostles
- James
- Peter
- John, and Jude seven epistles
- The apocalypse of John |
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Term
| who was the first to use the term apocryphal? for the books now commonly labeled so? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are the apocryphal books that dont have inaccuracies? |
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Definition
Prayer of Azariah
Song of the Three Young Men
Prayer of Manasseh |
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Term
| where does jewish tradition put our history section? |
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Definition
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Term
| we put lamentations in prophets, while the ___________ do not. |
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Definition
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Term
| we put job #1 in our poetry while the septuagint puts him at |
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Definition
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Term
| we and the latin vulgate are the |
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Definition
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Term
| orthodox puts all those apocryphal books |
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Definition
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Term
| who didnt believe that a perfect translation from hebrew to greek was possible? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
“…that we do not possess myriads if inconsistent books, conflicting with each other…”
- Describes the care taken in the preservation of the NT texts (90-100) (p.103)
“But that our forefathers took no less, not to say even greater, care that the nations I have mentioned in the keeping of their records - a task which they assigned to their chief priests and prophets and that down to our own times these records have been, and…will continue to be, preserved with scrupulous accuracy…
- Did not hold the Apocrypha to be inspired (p.116)
- In determining OT canonicity…(p.117)
“… and that there is no discrepancy in what is written…the prophets alone had this privilege…through the inspiration which they owed to God….practical proof of our reverence for our own Scriptures. For, although such long ages have now passed, no one has ventured either to add, or remove, or to alter a syllable; and it is an instinct with every Jew, from the day of his birth, to regard them as the decrees of God, to abide by them, and, if need be, cheerfully to die for them…
- In speaking about Jesus and the early church… (p.133)
Confirms the existence of Christ
Confirms Christ’s crucifixion and the explosion of the early church |
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