Term
|
Definition
adrenergic neurons release norepinephrine NE stimulating contraction of smooth muscles
decreases the diameter of the lumen |
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Term
|
Definition
relaxation of smooth muscle
increases diameter of the lumen
vasodilator neurons to skeletal muscles and brain
mostly cholinergic acetylcholine synapses
causes endothelial cells to release NO nitrous oxide causing vasodilation |
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Term
|
Definition
Large
expand during ventricular systole, compress during diastole
elastic recoil keeps blood flowing |
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Term
|
Definition
medium in size
thick tunica media
distribute blood to muscles and organs |
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Term
|
Definition
small with poorly defined tunica externa
mostly lining, elastic tissue, and smooth muscle
very muscular for their size
respond to a variety of stimuli to dilate or constrict |
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Term
|
Definition
vessels of the vessels
small arteries and veins that supply the walls of large arteries |
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Term
|
Definition
site of exchange between blood and tissue fluids
very thin walls (only tunica intima)
only simple squamous epithelial tissue and basement membrane on outside |
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Term
|
Definition
most common
found in skin and skeletal muscle
walls of encircling endothelial cells that overlap and have tight junctions
molecules move in and out by filtration, diffusion, pinocytosis |
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Term
|
Definition
have actual spaces where there is just basement membrane
found where there is active absorption (kidneys, intestines, endocrine glands) |
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Term
|
Definition
make up sinusoid capillary systems of liver, spleen, bone marrow, anterior pituitary
many fenestrations, wide lumen
areas that are very metabolically active with slow blood flow |
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Term
|
Definition
| sphincter at entrance of the capillary bed that can contract and relax to redirect blood flow in the bed |
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Term
|
Definition
alternate routes if an artery gets plugged.
beds can receive blood from more than one artery |
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Term
|
Definition
interconnections
arteries run together
ensures good circulation
can be arterial or ateriovenous |
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Term
|
Definition
changes in blood flow through capillary beds
alternation of contraction and relaxation of precapillary sphincters |
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Term
|
Definition
the relationship between the volume of blood and the blood pressure
veins are capacitance vessels
expand easily
can accommodate large changes in blood volume |
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Term
|
Definition
| the greatest blood volume at any point in time is in the systemic venous system |
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Term
|
Definition
the difference in pressure from one end of the vessel to the other
altered by cardiovascular control centers |
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Term
| Total peripheral resistance |
|
Definition
the resistance of the entire vascular system
-vascular resistance
-blood viscosity
-turbulance |
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Term
|
Definition
the resistance of the blood vessels
depends on vessel length and diameter
friction between blood and vessel wall
affects total peripheral resistance |
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Term
|
Definition
the resistance caused by interactions among molecules and suspended materials in a liquid
viscosity of whole blood is five times greater than water
normally stable
affects total peripheral resistance |
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Term
|
Definition
eddies and swirls created when there are high flow rates, irregular surfaces, and sudden changes in vessel diameter
bruit
affects total peripheral resistance |
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Term
|
Definition
| maintains flow through capillaries |
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Term
|
Definition
| systolic- diastolic pressures |
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|
Term
| Mean arterial pressure MAP |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
amount of blood reaching the right atrium per minute
has a direct impact on cardiac output |
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Term
| methods of capillary exchange |
|
Definition
pinocytosis
diffusion through endothelial cells
diffusion through intercellular clefts
osmosis
movement through pores
filtration |
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|
Term
| Capillary hydrostatic pressure CHP |
|
Definition
| force inside the capillaries that pushes fluid out |
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|
Term
| Blood colloid osmotic pressure BCOP |
|
Definition
oncotic pressure
force inside the capillaries that pulls fluid in |
|
|
Term
| Interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure IHP |
|
Definition
| force inside interstitial space that pushes fluid out of tissues |
|
|
Term
| Interstitial fluid colloid osmotic pressure ICOP |
|
Definition
force inside the interstitial space that pulls fluids into tissues
dissolved materials in fluids increase osmotic pressure |
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Term
| Net filtration pressure NFP |
|
Definition
difference between the net hydrostatic pressure and net osmotic pressure
capillaries - interstitial |
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Term
|
Definition
homeostatic controls to maintain proper tissue perfusion
-autoregulation
-neural mechanisms
-endocrine mechanisms |
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Term
|
Definition
regulatory mechanism
local factors control blood flow through capillary beds
local vasodilators relax precapillary sphincters
local vasoconstrictors stimulate constriction of precapillary spphincters |
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Term
|
Definition
the first response, quick
regulatory mechanism |
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|
Term
| Cardiovascular centers NM |
|
Definition
in medulla oblongata
cardiac centers
vasomotor centers
adjust cardiac output and peripheral resistance |
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Term
| Cardioacceleratory center NM |
|
Definition
| increase cardiac output via sympathetic stimulation, increasing heart rate |
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|
Term
| Cardioinhibitory center NM |
|
Definition
| decreases cardiac output via parasympathetic stimulation |
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Term
|
Definition
| control of vasoconstriction and vasodilation via the sympathetic nervous system |
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Term
|
Definition
| sympathetic vasoconstriction that keeps arterioles partially constricted |
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Term
|
Definition
| pressure receptors in the carotid sinus, aortic sinus, wall of the right atrium that respond to stretch and adjust CO and PR to maintain normal arterial pressure |
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|
Term
| Chemoreceptor reflexes NM |
|
Definition
| respond to changes in CO2 O2 or pH levels in blood and CSF located in the carotid bodies and aortic bodies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| longer term regulation that takes longer and lasts longer because the chemicals are in circulation for a while |
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|
Term
Antidiuretic hormone ADH
Hormone regulation |
|
Definition
regulated by osmoreceptors in the brain
released in response to dehydration
kidneys retain fluid so you dont pee as much
peripheral vasoconstriction raises bp, lowers blood viscosity
ADH also called vasopressin
overall effect raises BP |
|
|
Term
Angiotensin II
hormonal regulation |
|
Definition
RAA- renin angiotensen aldosterone
triggered by kidney in response to low BP
increased sodium retention via aldosterone
increased ADH release
increased thirst
increased CO and vasoconstriction |
|
|
Term
Erythropoietin
hormonal regulation |
|
Definition
| increased red blood cell production if bp or o2 levels drop |
|
|
Term
| Atrial natriuretic peptide ANP |
|
Definition
released by the atria
triggered by excessive atrial stretch
increased sodium and water excretion
decreased thirst
increased vasodilation
deals with high blood pressure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
shunts blood from the right to the left atrium in the fetal heart
fossa ovalis in adults |
|
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Term
|
Definition
shunts blood to the aorta from the left atrium
ligamentum arteriosum in adults |
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Term
|
Definition
shunts blood from umbilical vein to IVC to avoid sinusoids of the liver
ligamentum venosum in adults |
|
|
Term
| Umbilical vein in adults is.. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
invading pathogens
abnormal body cells
foreign proteins |
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|
Term
| Functions of lymphatic system |
|
Definition
production of lymphocytes
distribution of lymphocytes
lymphocyte functions: detect problems, move to site of injury or infection |
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Term
|
Definition
| swelling caused by blockage of lymph drainage |
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Term
|
Definition
parasitic worms block lymph vessels
aka elephantiasis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| drains most of the body into the left subclavian vein |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| drains the right arm and right side of the head and chest into the right subclavian vein |
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Term
|
Definition
lymphocyte production
-hemocytoblasts - stem cells in bone marrow
-b and NK cells - mature in bone marrow
-t cells- mature in thymus |
|
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Term
|
Definition
lymphocytes packed in areolar tissue
in respiratory digestive urinary tracts
about 1 mm diameter with no fibrous capsule |
|
|
Term
| MALT mucosa associated lymphoid tissue |
|
Definition
aggregated lymphoid nodules
linked with the digestive system
peyers patches in large intestine
walls of vermiform appendix
unencapsulated |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
lymphoid nodules
no fibrous capsule
pharyngeal (adenoids), palatine, lingual
form ring of tonsils |
|
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Term
|
Definition
have a fibrous outer capsule
purify lymphatic fluid
cleanse before entering venous system
antigens and debris removed by fixed macrophages
also display antigens |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| lymph vessels going to nodes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| vessels coming from nodes |
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|
Term
|
Definition
behind sternum in mediastinum
clusters of T cells develop in cortex
surrounded by reticular epithelial cells
maintain blood thymus barrier
reaches peak size by puberty
less than 1/3 remains by age 50 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
largest lymphoid organ
relatively fragile
red pulp contains RBC
white pulp similar to lymphoid nodules
removes abnormal blood cells and debris
stores iron
initiates specific immune response |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
response to all threats
physical barriers
chemical secretions
phagocytes
immunological surveillance - NK cells
interferons - cytokines
complement system
inflammation
fever |
|
|
Term
| Immunological surveillance |
|
Definition
monitoring by NK cells
recognize cell surface markers on foreign cells
destroy body cells with foreign antigens
may be infected or cancerous
activation: recognize unusual surface proteins, rotate golgi toward target cell, release perforins which make pores causing leakage and cell lysis. |
|
|
Term
| Immunological surveillance |
|
Definition
monitoring by NK cells
recognize cell surface markers on foreign cells
destroy body cells with foreign antigens
may be infected or cancerous
activation: recognize unusual surface proteins, rotate golgi toward target cell, release perforins which make pores causing leakage and cell lysis. |
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Term
|
Definition
small proteins released by virally infected cells
trigger production of antiviral proteins in non infected cells
help protect non infected cells |
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Term
|
Definition
from leukocytes
attract/stimulate NK cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
from fibroblasts
causes slow inflammation |
|
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Term
|
Definition
from T cells and NK cells
stimulate macrophage activity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
cascade of 11 plasma proteins
forms membrane attack complex MAC
pores in target cell membrane
stimulates inflammation
attracts phagocytes
makes target easier to ingest through opsonization |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
antigen triggers an immune response
activates t cells and cells
antigen triggers an immune response
t cells attack the antigen and stimulate b cells
activated b cells mature and produce antibody
antibody attacks antigen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
attack foreign cells
lymphotoxin and perforin |
|
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Term
|
Definition
activate T cells and B cells
secrete lymphokines that coordinate specific and nonspecific defenses
stimulate NK cells
activated by the same antigen that stimulates B cells |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| inhibit T and B cells after a period of time to prevent exaggerated reactions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| respond to antigens they have already encountered if reinfected |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| displays antigens on the cell membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
found on all nucleated cells
display antigen found inside the cell
ex. viral proteins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
on antigen presenting cells and lymphocytes
display antigen brought into the cell by phagocytosis or endocytosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
by t cell is specific
some recognize antigens bound to class 1 and others to class 2 mhc proteins
must bind to at least two sites before attacking (costimulation) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
antigen binds to superficial antibody on the b cell membrane
antigens then displayed as class II MHC |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
synthesize and release antibodies
functional B cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
antibody function
binds to toxin released by bacteria causing it to change its configuration or whatever makes it toxic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
most common type
crosses placenta |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| involved in inflammation and allergies |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| found on surface of B cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| first type after antigen arrives |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in glandular secretions including milk |
|
|
Term
| Primary antibody immune response |
|
Definition
takes about two weeks
produced by plasma cells |
|
|
Term
| secondary antibody immune responses |
|
Definition
rapid increase in IgG
maximum antibody titer
due to memory cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
immune response targets normal cells
we start attacking ourselves |
|
|
Term
| Immunodeficiency diseases |
|
Definition
the immune system does not develop properly or is blocked
it isnt responding how it should |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
inappropriate or excessive immune response to allergens
anaphylaxis- circulating allergen affects mast cells throughout body |
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