Term
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Definition
–inability to see an object or a person in our midst.
simon and chabris 1999 (gorilla)
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Term
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Definition
–a form of inattentional blindness
–Subjects are unaware of a change in a particular stimulus
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Term
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Definition
–Our conscious awareness processes only a small part of all that we experience. We also process information we are not consciously aware of.
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Term
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Definition
occur on a 24-hour cycle and include sleep and wakefulness. Termed our “biological clock,” it can be altered by artificial light.
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Term
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Definition
About every 90 minutes, we pass through a cycle of five distinct sleep stages |
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Term
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Definition
| state when brain activity slows down to a large amplitude and slow, regular alpha waves (9-14 cps). A meditating person exhibits an alpha brain activity. |
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Term
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Definition
| during early, light sleep the brain enters high amplitude, slow, regular wave form called Theta waves (5-8 cps) |
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Term
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Definition
| a person who is day dreaming shows what type of brain activity? |
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Term
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Definition
| deepest sleep, brain activity slows down. there are large amplitude, slow delta waves (1.5-4 cps) |
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Term
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Definition
| After reaching the deepest sleep stage, the sleep cycle starts moving backward towards the first stage. Although still asleep, the brain enagges in low-amplitude, fast and regular beta waves (15-40cps), much like awake-aroused state. person exhibits rapid eye movement and reports vivid dreams |
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Term
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Definition
| what stage is necessary to benefit from sleep? |
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Term
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Definition
| how much of our lives do we spend sleeping? |
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Term
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Definition
| persistent inability to fall asleep |
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Term
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Definition
| overpowering urge to fall asleep that may occur while talkng or standing up. can be induced when individuals become more arroused. |
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Term
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Definition
| failure to breathe while sleeping |
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Term
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Definition
| the sudden arousal from sleep with intense fear; rapid heart rate and sweat; occurs during stage 4 |
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Term
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Definition
| usually harmless sleep disorder and is unrecalled the next day; occurs during stage 4 sleep. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a reason why we dream; Freudian; dreams provide psychic safety vavle to discharge unacceptable feelings. the dreams manifest (apparent) content may also have symbolic meanings (latent content) that signify our unacceptable feelings |
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Term
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Definition
| Who's idea is Wish Fulfillment? |
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Term
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Definition
| a reason for dreaming; dreams may help sift, sort and fix a day's experiences in our memories |
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Term
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Definition
| reason why we dream; dreams provide the sleeping brain with periodic stimulation to develop and preserve neural pathways. Neural networks of newborns are quickly developing. therefore, they need more sleep |
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Term
| activation-synthesis theory |
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Definition
| reason why we dream; suggests that the brain engages in a lot of random neural activity. dreams make sense of this activity |
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Term
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Definition
| reason why we dream; dream as a part of brain maturation and cognitive development; helps us form basic thoughts, needed for development |
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Term
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Definition
| When deprived of REM sleep and then allowed to sleep, we show increased REM sleep called... |
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Term
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Definition
| chemical substances that alter perceptions and mood (affects consciousness); most affect synaptic fn; act as receptor agonists or antagonists in that they mimic endogenous neurotransmitter we have, or block them. |
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Term
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Definition
| continued use of a psychoactive drug produces... |
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Term
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Definition
| upon stopping use of a drug (after addiction), users may experience the undesirable effects of... |
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Term
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Definition
| absense of a drug may lead to a feeling of physical pain, intense cravings (physical ..) and negative emotions (psychological ..) |
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Term
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Definition
| a craving for a chemical substance, despite its adverse consequences (physical and psychological) |
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Term
depressants
stimulants
hallucinogens |
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Definition
| Psychoactive drugs are divided into 3 groups |
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Term
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Definition
| alcohol is a .....that affects motor skills, judgement, and memory and can increase aggressiveness while reducing awareness; kills neurons randomly |
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Term
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Definition
depressant drug that depresses the activity of the CNS and reduces anxiety but impairs memory and judgement.
Nembutal, Seconal, and Amytal |
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Term
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Definition
| depressant; opium and its derivatives (morphine and heroin) depress neural activity temporarily lessening pain and anxiety; highly addictive. |
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Term
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Definition
| can dampen pain; triggered with great happiness or traumatic pain |
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Term
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Definition
| drugs that excite neural activity and speed up body functions |
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Term
caffeine
nicotine
cocaine
ecstasy
amphetamines
methamphetamines |
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Definition
| examples of stimulants are |
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Term
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Definition
| these two stimulants increase heart rate and breathing rates and other autonomic fns to provide energy |
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Term
| nicotine takes away unpleasant cravings (negative reinforcement) by triggering epinephrine, norepinepherine, dopamine, and endorphins; it is rewarding (positive reinforcement) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| stimulant that induces immediate euphoria followed by a crash; |
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Term
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Definition
| nicotine receptor is for... |
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Term
| dopamine, norepinephrin, and serotonin |
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Definition
| cocaine blocks reuptake of... |
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Term
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Definition
| a stimulant and mild hallucinogen; produces euphoric high; can damage (perm) serotonin-producing neurons resulting in a permanent deflation of mood and impairement of memory. |
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Term
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Definition
| two types of hallucinogens |
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Term
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Definition
| powerful hallucinogenic drug that is also known as acid; alters how sensory info comes in |
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Term
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Definition
| hallucinogen; major active ingredient in marijuana that triggers a variety of effects including mild hallucinations |
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Term
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Definition
humans are what percent similar?
Similar to chimps?
Who came up with "tool kit" genes? |
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Term
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Definition
biochemical units of heredity that make up the chromosomes; strand of DNA you can look at and define specific function.
Synthesizes proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| primary genetic components for building animals. arose 600million years ago |
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Term
46
23 from mom and 23 from dad |
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Definition
| how many chromosomes do we have |
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Term
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Definition
| thread-like structures made of DNA that contain genes |
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Term
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Definition
complete instructions for making an organism
all genetic material in chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| many genes acting in concert |
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Term
Francis Collins (2000)
Wanted to decode the human genome |
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Definition
Who came up with the Human Genome Project?
Why? |
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Term
Craig Venter
wanted to do come to conclusion faster than Collins
came to conclusion at same time: telling where genes are located and some functions |
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Definition
Who conducted the Celera Genomics?
Why?
outcome? |
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Term
earlier draft incomplete- only 1 set of chromosomes
Craig Venter; more detailed but still lacking tips and ends of chromosomes
We are only 99.5% similar |
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Definition
Why are we still decoding human genome?
Who did the new draft? details?
conclusion? |
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Term
Francis Collins
"Language of God" |
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Definition
| book that resolves issures for existence of God and the genome |
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Term
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Definition
| the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior; trying to see how genes influence behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| everything from prenatal nutrition to the people and things around us |
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Term
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Definition
| the proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes |
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Term
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Definition
| develop from a single fertilized egg that splits in two; two genetically identical organisms |
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Term
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Definition
| develop from separate eggs; no more similar than brothers and sisters; share the fetal environment |
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Term
Temperament
later behavior
enduring personalities |
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Definition
a person's characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity.
early emotional reactivity predicts..
biologically rooted, these form our... |
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Term
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Definition
| indentical twins are more similar than fraternal on measures of... |
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Term
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Definition
| adoptees bear similar traits to bio parents or adoptive parents? |
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Term
bio moms in social behavior
foster mom in parental behaviors |
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Definition
Macaque monkeys resemble....
Rats resemble.... |
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Term
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Definition
| studies the molecular structure and fn of genes |
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Term
vasopressin
ex. prairie vole
monogamous and biparental |
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Definition
| is there a gene for social behavior? |
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Term
prairie: with AVP injection, more social
Montane vole: no real change with AVP |
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Definition
| vasopressin affect on prairie vole and montane vole |
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Term
| become more social and more monogamous and biparental; same with montane vole |
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Definition
| can a mouse be turned into a vole? |
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Term
lifelong differences in stress level (longer periods of it); become stressed more easily.
get stressed more easily if separated from mom regularly as a baby |
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Definition
| Maternal separaton - neonates |
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Term
enriched have:
thicker cortex and heavier brain
more synapses, greater dendritic arborization
neurogenesis -- new cells grow
more active
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Definition
| isolation v. enriched environment |
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Term
we are a product of millions of years of evolution
natural selection helps people survive and reproduce
people have traits and genes to help them survive in the environment |
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Definition
| darwins idea of human life |
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Term
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Definition
| there must be what in a trait or behavior between animals or else there would be cloning? |
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Term
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Definition
| traits have to be what to be selective? |
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Term
Women:
egg cell expensive and limited
sex
gestation/ pregnancy
parturition/birth
lactation and childcare |
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Definition
| reproductive investments for women |
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Term
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Definition
| reproductive investment for men |
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Term
men preferred attractive features suggesting youth and health
women preferred resources and social status (dominant, bold, affluent) |
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Definition
| Buss (1995) study on mate choice |
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Term
Is symmetry a predictor of developmental heath?
more symmetrical = more resilient genes |
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Definition
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Term
hindsight bias
most men/women want single longterm partner
following biology may not be most "adaptive" thing to do
cultural expectations |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the characteristics, whether biologically or socially influenced, by which people define male and female, different from "sex" |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
growth of male sex organs in fetus
development of male sex characteristics during puberty |
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Definition
| testosterones in males stimulate |
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Term
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Definition
| testosterone must do what in order for males to show male characteristics? |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
heterosexual males
(simon levay) |
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Definition
| INAH-3 is largest in who? |
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Term
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Definition
| who said there are differences in the brains of heterosexual and homosexual males and females? |
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Term
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Definition
set of expected behaviors for males and females
Males: aggressive, dominant, forceful, independent, autocratic
Females: deferential, nurturing, affiliative, democratic |
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Term
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Definition
| ones sense of being male or female |
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Term
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Definition
| the acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role |
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Term
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Definition
| we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished |
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Term
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Definition
| children learn from their cultures a concept of what it means to be male and female and that they adjust their behavior accordingly |
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Term
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Definition
| physical, cognitive and social change throughout the life span |
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Term
zygote: conception to 2 weeks
embryo: 2-8 weeks
fetus: 9 weeks to birth |
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Definition
| stages of prenatal human development |
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Term
interest increases suckling
eyetrackers show interests of infants
gaze time
habituation: normal they are used to, new they are interested in |
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Definition
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Term
start to form after birth
3-6 years of age, sprout rapidly, frontal lobes
continues to puberty then pruning |
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Definition
| forming of neural networks |
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Term
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Definition
| first memories at what age? |
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Term
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Definition
| infants dont make memories |
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Term
learning and memory
communication and language
problem solving and logic
interpretation |
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Definition
| cognition in infancy and childhood |
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Term
sensorimotor
preoperational
concrete operational
formal operational |
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Definition
| Jean Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development |
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Term
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Definition
| the awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived |
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Term
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Definition
| information through sensory and motor actions; from birth to 2 years |
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Term
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Definition
2-6 yrs of age
lack logical reasoning
lack an understanding of "conservation"-- things retain characteristics even when they change shape
egocentric
developing a "theory of mind" |
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Term
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Definition
| people's ideas about their own and others' mental states - about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts and the behavior these might predict |
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Term
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Definition
7-11 yrs
logical thought
mathematics
concrete analogies |
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Term
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Definition
| a concept that organizes and interprets information and knowledge already known |
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Term
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Definition
| taking new info and applying it to information already known/ existing schema |
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Term
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Definition
| modify/ create schema to accomodate information; requires more cognitive flexibility. increases with age |
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Term
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Definition
12-
abstract reasoning and logic
potential for mature and moral reasoning |
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Term
| Monkeys preferred contact with cloth mother even while feeding from the nourishing wire mother |
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Definition
| Harlow's Surrogate Mother Experiments (1950's) |
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Term
critical period
(social development) |
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Definition
| an optimal period when exposure to certain stimuli or experiences produces proper development |
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Term
ducks hatch; Lorenz is first thing they see
"imprinting"
people teach birds how to fly; imprinted on people from birth |
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Definition
K. Lorenz (1937)
"Winged Migration" (2003) |
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Term
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Definition
| gravitating to what is familiar |
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Term
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Definition
| when does stranger anxiety begin? |
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Term
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Definition
| see what child does but dont always give into wants of child; predictable separation |
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Term
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Definition
Parenting and Temperament
predictable departure helps temperament |
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Term
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Definition
| parents impose rules and expect obedience |
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Term
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Definition
| submit to children's desires, make few demands, use little punishment |
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Term
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Definition
both demanding and responsive
set rules, explain reasons and discuss |
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Term
| Erikson's Stages of Psychosocial Development |
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Definition
We progress through developmental stages
At each stage of our lives there are basic conflicts and tasks which help us develop social competence |
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Term
| social tasks help us develop identity |
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Definition
| Erikson believes in order to have social development... |
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Term
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Definition
| a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; formed during infancy by appropriate experiences with responsive caregivers |
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Term
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Definition
| a sense of one's identity and personal worth |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the ability to form close, loving relationships |
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Term
trust v. mistrust
autonomy vs. shame
initiative vs. guilt
competence vs. inferiority
identity v. role
intimacy v. isolation
generativity v. stagnation
integrity v. despair |
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Definition
Eriksons stages of psychosocial development
infancy
toddler
preschooler
elementary
adolescence
young adult
middle adult
late adult |
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Term
morality of self-interest
morality of law and social rules
morality of abstract principles
As more development progresses, the focus of concern moves from the self to the wider social world |
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Definition
Kohlberg's Moral Ladder
Preconventional Level
Conventional Level
Postconventional level |
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Term
Developmental Psychologists
Piaget
Erikson
Kohlberg |
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Definition
Developmental Psychology
Cognitive
Social
Moral |
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Term
|
Definition
| cognitive abilities decline. recognizing and recalling abilities decline |
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Term
the ability to recall new info declines during early and middle adulthood
the ability to recognize new info doesnt decline |
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Definition
Schonfield and Robertson (1966)
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Term
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Definition
| people of different ages are compared |
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Term
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Definition
| the same people are re-studied and re-tested over a long period |
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Term
| crystallized intellegence |
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Definition
| accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age |
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Term
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Definition
| ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood |
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Term
mitigates bone loss, heart disease, helps cognition
less likelihood of alzheimers, stroke (mitigates spread)
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Definition
| health benefits of hormonal replacement therapy |
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Term
|
Definition
-3% of worlds population over 75
-gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language, and finally, physically functioning
-fewer ACh neurons
-neuronal plaques
-different brain activity when memorizing words |
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